Advancements in hydrogen storage technologies: A comprehensive review of materials, methods, and economic policy

Hydrogen offers advantages as an energy carrier, including a high energy content per unit weight (∼ 120 MJ kg^–1) and zero greenhouse gas emissions in fuel-cell-based power generation. However, the lack of safe and effective hydrogen storage systems is a significant barrier to widespread use. In this review, we first briefly discuss the advancement of hydrogen energy development. Then, we provide a comprehensive overview of various hydrogen storage methods, such as compression, liquefaction, solid-state adsorption, and chemical conversion. We examine the advantages, disadvantages, implications, safety, and environmental impacts of each method. Additionally, this article summarizes the current state of research and development, highlighting advancements in materials science that enhance hydrogen storage and transportation performance. Our study includes a thorough assessment of current market trends and specific examples of practical and commercial systems. Moreover, we engage in extensive discourse on the optimal features and challenges associated with implementing these systems for hydrogen storage and transportation. We consider energy security, environmental sustainability, and ecological conservation in our analysis. Our goal is to inspire innovative ideas and perspectives in the field of efficient hydrogen storage and transportation technologies, facilitating the transition to a sustainable and carbon-free society.