Bayesian Optimization for reanalysis and calibration of highly energetic sea state events simulated with a spectral third-generation wave model

Accurate hindcasting of sea state events is a cornerstone of coastal engineering, risk assessment, and climate-related studies, yet it remains limited by uncertainties in physical parameterizations and model structure. This study introduces an automated calibration framework based on Bayesian Optimization (BO) using the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) to constrain key dissipative processes in the ANEMOC-3 hindcast wave model, including bottom-friction losses, depth-induced wave breaking, and dissipation driven by wave strong opposing currents. The methodology enables the joint optimization of continuous physical parameters and discrete model structure choices within a unified probabilistic search space, significantly reducing model–observation misfit. Calibration is conducted over the high energy storm conditions of February 2014, while transferability is assessed both temporally and spatially, through independent validation on January 2014 and January 2018 events and across a network of offshore and coastal buoy observations. The optimized configurations retain skill beyond the calibration period and across observation sites, yielding systematically improved agreement with buoy measurements in terms of bias, root mean square error, and scatter index relative to the reference configuration. These results highlight the potential of Bayesian Optimization as a scalable and robust framework for automating the calibration of complex wave hindcast systems. Future developments will address multi-objective optimization, uncertainty quantification, and the integration of complementary observational datasets.