Controlling the non-linear optical properties of MgO by tailoring the electronic structure

The study of the non-linear response of matter to high electric fields has recently encompassed harmonic generation in solids at near-infrared (NIR) driving wavelengths. Interest has been driven by the prospect of ultrafast signal processing and all-optical mapping of electron wave-functions in solids. Engineering solid-state band structures to control the non-linear process has already been highlighted theoretically. Here, we show experimentally for the first time that second harmonic generation (SHG) can be enhanced by doping crystals of magnesium oxide (MgO) with chromium (Cr) atoms. We show that the degree of enhancement depends non-linearly on dopant concentration. The SHG efficiency is shown to increase when Cr dopants are introduced into pure MgO. A physical picture of the effect of Cr dopants is aided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the electronic structure for pure and doped samples. This work shows an unambiguous enhancement of the SHG efficiency by modifying the electronic structure. The observed effects are consistent with an electronic structure that facilitates surface induced SHG and demonstrates a minimal angular dependence. This work highlights the potential of manipulating the electronic structure of solids to control, or test theories of, their non-linear optical response.