Electrochemical micro- and nanobiosensors for in vivo reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measurement in the brain

In this focused review, we examine the influence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) on physiological processes and the induction of oxidative stress, with particular emphasis on the brain and neuronal systems. We discuss the formation mechanisms of ROS and RNS, their significance in the brain, and various detection methods. The review investigates the latest advancements in nano-engineered electrochemical biosensors designed for in vivo monitoring of ROS and RNS in the brain tissue. We explore the electrochemical measurement of specific species, such as H2O2, superoxide, NO, and peroxynitrite, while providing a comparative evaluation of sensor designs for ROS and RNS detection in the brain. Finally, we offer an outlook and conclusion on the future of this field.