@inproceedings{8e8ba3543193451cbcc55ffb9c049ea9,
title = "Evaluation of countermeasure implementations based on boolean masking to thwart side-channel attacks",
abstract = "This paper presents hardware implementations of a DES cryptoprocessor with masking countermeasures and their evaluation against side-channel attacks (SCAs) in FPGAs. The masking protection has been mainly studied from a theoretical viewpoint without any thorough test in a noisy real world designs. In this study the masking countermeasure is tested with firstorder and higher-order SCAs on a fully-fledged DES. Beside a classical implementation of the DES substitution boxes (SBoxes) a simple structure called Universal Substitution boxes with Masking (USM) is proposed. It meets the constraint of low complexity as state-of-the-art masked S-Boxes are mostly built from large look-up tables or complex calculations with combinatorial logic gates. However attacks on USM has underlined some security weaknesses. ROM masked implementation exhibits greater robustness as it cannot be attacked with first-order DPA. Nevertheless any masking implementation remains sensitive to Higher-Order Differential Power Analysis (HO-DPA) as shown in a proposed attack. This attack is based on a variance analysis of the observed power consumption and it clearly shows the vulnerabilities of masking countermeasures.",
keywords = "FPGA, Higher-order DPA, Masking countermeasure, Side-channel attack, Variance-based power attack (VPA)",
author = "Houssem Maghrebi and Danger, \{Jean Luc\} and Florent Flament and Sylvain Guilley and Laurent Sauvage",
year = "2009",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1109/ICSCS.2009.5412597",
language = "English",
isbn = "9781424443987",
series = "3rd International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems, SCS 2009",
booktitle = "3rd International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems, SCS 2009",
note = "3rd International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems, SCS 2009 ; Conference date: 06-11-2009 Through 08-11-2009",
}