Fabrication and Morphological Characterization of High-Efficiency Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Modules

Organo-metal halide perovskite demonstrates a large potential for achieving highly efficient photovoltaic devices. The scaling-up process represents one of the major challenges to exploit this technology at the industrial level. Here, the scaling-up of perovskite solar modules from 5 × 5 to 10 × 10 cm² substrate area is reported by blade coating both the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite and spiro-OMeTAD layers. The sequential deposition approach is used in which both lead iodide (PbI₂) deposition and the conversion step are optimized by using additives. The PbI₂ solution is modified by adding methylammonium iodide (MAI) which improves perovskite crystallinity and pore filling of the mesoporous TiO₂ scaffold. Optimization of the conversion step is achieved by adding a small concentration of water into the MAI-based solution, producing large cubic CH₃NH₃PbI₃ grains. The combination of the two modifications leads to a power conversion efficiency of 14.7% on a perovskite solar module with an active area of 47 cm².