Fast Atmospheric Response to a Cold Oceanic Mesoscale Patch in the North-Western Tropical Atlantic

Low-level clouds over the tropical and sub-tropical oceans play a crucial role in the planetary radiative energy budget. However, they are challenging to model in climate simulations because they are affected by local processes that are still partially unknown. The control that mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) structures have on the dynamics of the lower atmosphere on daily scales is emerging to be non-negligible and calls for more effort to be understood. During the EUREC⁴A field campaign, two of the research vessels (R/Vs) involved in the experiment sampled the edge of a cold mesoscale SST patch in the north-western tropical Atlantic, crossing a gradient of roughly 0.75°C/100 km. The comprehensive set of instruments carried by the R/Vs allows an unprecedented characterization of the atmospheric response to the cold water forcing. The cold ocean patch weakens the vertical atmospheric mixing, reducing the boundary layer depth of roughly 200 m and the horizontal wind intensity of approximately 3 m s⁻¹. At the same time, the humidity content in the sub-cloud layer increases and these conditions decrease the latent heat flux (by roughly 80 W m⁻²) and reduce vertical velocity fluctuations, making it less likely that moisture exceeds the lifting condensation level. As a consequence, fewer and thinner low-level clouds form over cold water. Independent satellite measurements are found to agree with the in situ observations. The observed link between sea temperature and low-level clouds highlights its importance in the puzzle of modeling the sea-air-cloud interactions.