Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

M. E. Christy; T. Gautam; L. Ou; B. Schmookler; Y. Wang; D. Adikaram; Z. Ahmed; H. Albataineh; S. F. Ali; B. Aljawrneh; K. Allada; S. L. Allison; S. Alsalmi; D. Androic; K. Aniol; J. Annand; J. Arrington; H. Atac; T. Averett; C. Ayerbe Gayoso; X. Bai; J. Bane; S. Barcus; K. Bartlett; V. Bellini; R. Beminiwattha; J. Bericic; H. Bhatt; D. Bhetuwal; D. Biswas; E. Brash; D. Bulumulla; C. M. Camacho; J. Campbell; A. Camsonne; M. Carmignotto; J. Castellanos; C. Chen; J. P. Chen; T. Chetry; E. Cisbani; B. Clary; E. Cohen; N. Compton; J. C. Cornejo; S. Covrig Dusa; B. Crowe; S. Danagoulian; T. Danley; W. Deconinck; M. Defurne; C. Desnault; D. Di; M. Dlamini; M. Duer; B. Duran; R. Ent; C. Fanelli; E. Fuchey; C. Gal; D. Gaskell; F. Georges; S. Gilad; O. Glamazdin; K. Gnanvo; A. V. Gramolin; V. M. Gray; C. Gu; A. Habarakada; T. Hague; G. Hamad; D. Hamilton; K. Hamilton; O. Hansen; F. Hauenstein; A. V. Hernandez; W. Henry; D. W. Higinbotham; T. Holmstrom; T. Horn; Y. Huang; G. M. Huber; C. Hyde; H. Ibrahim; N. Israel; C. M. Jen; K. Jin; M. Jones; A. Kabir; B. Karki; C. Keppel; V. Khachatryan; P. M. King; S. Li; W. Li; H. Liu; J. Liu; A. H. Liyanage; D. Mack; J. Magee; S. Malace; J. Mammei; P. Markowitz; S. Mayilyan; E. McClellan; F. Meddi; D. Meekins; K. Mesick; R. Michaels; A. Mkrtchyan; B. Moffit; R. Montgomery; L. S. Myers; P. Nadel-Turonski; S. J. Nazeer; V. Nelyubin; D. Nguyen; N. Nuruzzaman; M. Nycz; R. F. Obrecht; K. Ohanyan; C. Palatchi; B. Pandey; K. Park; S. Park; C. Peng; F. D. Persio; R. Pomatsalyuk; E. Pooser; A. J.R. Puckett; V. Punjabi; B. Quinn; S. Rahman; M. N.H. Rashad; P. E. Reimer; S. Riordan; J. Roche; I. Sapkota; A. Sarty; B. Sawatzky; N. H. Saylor; M. H. Shabestari; A. Shahinyan; S. Širca; G. R. Smith; S. Sooriyaarachchilage; N. Sparveris; R. Spies; A. Stefanko; T. Su; A. Subedi; V. Sulkosky; A. Sun; Y. Tan; L. Thorne; N. Ton; F. Tortorici; R. Trotta; R. Uniyal; G. M. Urciuoli; E. Voutier; B. Waidyawansa; B. Wojtsekhowski; S. Wood; X. Yan; L. Ye; Z. H. Ye; C. Yero; J. Zhang; Y. X. Zhao; P. Zhu

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002

Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

M. E. Christy, T. Gautam, L. Ou, B. Schmookler, Y. Wang, D. Adikaram, Z. Ahmed, H. Albataineh, S. F. Ali, B. Aljawrneh, K. Allada, S. L. Allison, S. Alsalmi, D. Androic, K. Aniol, J. Annand, J. Arrington, H. Atac, T. Averett, C. Ayerbe GayosoX. Bai, J. Bane, S. Barcus, K. Bartlett, V. Bellini, R. Beminiwattha, J. Bericic, H. Bhatt, D. Bhetuwal, D. Biswas, E. Brash, D. Bulumulla, C. M. Camacho, J. Campbell, A. Camsonne, M. Carmignotto, J. Castellanos, C. Chen, J. P. Chen, T. Chetry, E. Cisbani, B. Clary, E. Cohen, N. Compton, J. C. Cornejo, S. Covrig Dusa, B. Crowe, S. Danagoulian, T. Danley, W. Deconinck, M. Defurne, C. Desnault, D. Di, M. Dlamini, M. Duer, B. Duran, R. Ent, C. Fanelli, E. Fuchey, C. Gal, D. Gaskell, F. Georges, S. Gilad, O. Glamazdin, K. Gnanvo, A. V. Gramolin, V. M. Gray, C. Gu, A. Habarakada, T. Hague, G. Hamad, D. Hamilton, K. Hamilton, O. Hansen, F. Hauenstein, A. V. Hernandez, W. Henry, D. W. Higinbotham, T. Holmstrom, T. Horn, Y. Huang, G. M. Huber, C. Hyde, H. Ibrahim, N. Israel, C. M. Jen, K. Jin, M. Jones, A. Kabir, B. Karki, C. Keppel, V. Khachatryan, P. M. King, S. Li, W. Li, H. Liu, J. Liu, A. H. Liyanage, D. Mack, J. Magee, S. Malace, J. Mammei, P. Markowitz, S. Mayilyan, E. McClellan, F. Meddi, D. Meekins, K. Mesick, R. Michaels, A. Mkrtchyan, B. Moffit, R. Montgomery, L. S. Myers, P. Nadel-Turonski, S. J. Nazeer, V. Nelyubin, D. Nguyen, N. Nuruzzaman, M. Nycz, R. F. Obrecht, K. Ohanyan, C. Palatchi, B. Pandey, K. Park, S. Park, C. Peng, F. D. Persio, R. Pomatsalyuk, E. Pooser, A. J.R. Puckett, V. Punjabi, B. Quinn, S. Rahman, M. N.H. Rashad, P. E. Reimer, S. Riordan, J. Roche, I. Sapkota, A. Sarty, B. Sawatzky, N. H. Saylor, M. H. Shabestari, A. Shahinyan, S. Širca, G. R. Smith, S. Sooriyaarachchilage, N. Sparveris, R. Spies, A. Stefanko, T. Su, A. Subedi, V. Sulkosky, A. Sun, Y. Tan, L. Thorne, N. Ton, F. Tortorici, R. Trotta, R. Uniyal, G. M. Urciuoli, E. Voutier, B. Waidyawansa, B. Wojtsekhowski, S. Wood, X. Yan, L. Ye, Z. H. Ye, C. Yero, J. Zhang, Y. X. Zhao, P. Zhu

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We present new precision measurements of the elastic electron-proton scattering cross section for momentum transfer (Q2) up to 15.75 (GeV/c)2. Combined with existing data, these provide an improved extraction of the proton magnetic form factor at high Q2 and double the range over which a longitudinal or transverse separation of the cross section can be performed. The difference between our results and polarization data agrees with that observed at lower Q2 and attributed to hard two-photon exchange (TPE) effects, extending to 8 (GeV/c)2 the range of Q2 for which a discrepancy is established at >95% confidence. We use the discrepancy to quantify the size of TPE contributions needed to explain the cross section at high Q2.

Original language	English
Article number	102002
Journal	Physical Review Letters
Volume	128
Issue number	10
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002
Publication status	Published - 11 Mar 2022
Externally published	Yes

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10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002

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Christy, M. E., Gautam, T., Ou, L., Schmookler, B., Wang, Y., Adikaram, D., Ahmed, Z., Albataineh, H., Ali, S. F., Aljawrneh, B., Allada, K., Allison, S. L., Alsalmi, S., Androic, D., Aniol, K., Annand, J., Arrington, J., Atac, H., Averett, T., ... Zhu, P. (2022). Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering. Physical Review Letters, 128(10), Article 102002. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002

@article{1c372d44ae59483b9f3f6c1dde3a4544,

title = "Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering",

abstract = "We present new precision measurements of the elastic electron-proton scattering cross section for momentum transfer (Q2) up to 15.75 (GeV/c)2. Combined with existing data, these provide an improved extraction of the proton magnetic form factor at high Q2 and double the range over which a longitudinal or transverse separation of the cross section can be performed. The difference between our results and polarization data agrees with that observed at lower Q2 and attributed to hard two-photon exchange (TPE) effects, extending to 8 (GeV/c)2 the range of Q2 for which a discrepancy is established at >95\% confidence. We use the discrepancy to quantify the size of TPE contributions needed to explain the cross section at high Q2.",

author = "Christy, \{M. E.\} and T. Gautam and L. Ou and B. Schmookler and Y. Wang and D. Adikaram and Z. Ahmed and H. Albataineh and Ali, \{S. F.\} and B. Aljawrneh and K. Allada and Allison, \{S. L.\} and S. Alsalmi and D. Androic and K. Aniol and J. Annand and J. Arrington and H. Atac and T. Averett and \{Ayerbe Gayoso\}, C. and X. Bai and J. Bane and S. Barcus and K. Bartlett and V. Bellini and R. Beminiwattha and J. Bericic and H. Bhatt and D. Bhetuwal and D. Biswas and E. Brash and D. Bulumulla and Camacho, \{C. M.\} and J. Campbell and A. Camsonne and M. Carmignotto and J. Castellanos and C. Chen and Chen, \{J. P.\} and T. Chetry and E. Cisbani and B. Clary and E. Cohen and N. Compton and Cornejo, \{J. C.\} and \{Covrig Dusa\}, S. and B. Crowe and S. Danagoulian and T. Danley and W. Deconinck and M. Defurne and C. Desnault and D. Di and M. Dlamini and M. Duer and B. Duran and R. Ent and C. Fanelli and E. Fuchey and C. Gal and D. Gaskell and F. Georges and S. Gilad and O. Glamazdin and K. Gnanvo and Gramolin, \{A. V.\} and Gray, \{V. M.\} and C. Gu and A. Habarakada and T. Hague and G. Hamad and D. Hamilton and K. Hamilton and O. Hansen and F. Hauenstein and Hernandez, \{A. V.\} and W. Henry and Higinbotham, \{D. W.\} and T. Holmstrom and T. Horn and Y. Huang and Huber, \{G. M.\} and C. Hyde and H. Ibrahim and N. Israel and Jen, \{C. M.\} and K. Jin and M. Jones and A. Kabir and B. Karki and C. Keppel and V. Khachatryan and King, \{P. M.\} and S. Li and W. Li and H. Liu and J. Liu and Liyanage, \{A. H.\} and D. Mack and J. Magee and S. Malace and J. Mammei and P. Markowitz and S. Mayilyan and E. McClellan and F. Meddi and D. Meekins and K. Mesick and R. Michaels and A. Mkrtchyan and B. Moffit and R. Montgomery and Myers, \{L. S.\} and P. Nadel-Turonski and Nazeer, \{S. J.\} and V. Nelyubin and D. Nguyen and N. Nuruzzaman and M. Nycz and Obrecht, \{R. F.\} and K. Ohanyan and C. Palatchi and B. Pandey and K. Park and S. Park and C. Peng and Persio, \{F. D.\} and R. Pomatsalyuk and E. Pooser and Puckett, \{A. J.R.\} and V. Punjabi and B. Quinn and S. Rahman and Rashad, \{M. N.H.\} and Reimer, \{P. E.\} and S. Riordan and J. Roche and I. Sapkota and A. Sarty and B. Sawatzky and Saylor, \{N. H.\} and Shabestari, \{M. H.\} and A. Shahinyan and S. {\v S}irca and Smith, \{G. R.\} and S. Sooriyaarachchilage and N. Sparveris and R. Spies and A. Stefanko and T. Su and A. Subedi and V. Sulkosky and A. Sun and Y. Tan and L. Thorne and N. Ton and F. Tortorici and R. Trotta and R. Uniyal and Urciuoli, \{G. M.\} and E. Voutier and B. Waidyawansa and B. Wojtsekhowski and S. Wood and X. Yan and L. Ye and Ye, \{Z. H.\} and C. Yero and J. Zhang and Zhao, \{Y. X.\} and P. Zhu",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 American Physical Society.",

year = "2022",

month = mar,

day = "11",

doi = "10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002",

language = "English",

volume = "128",

journal = "Physical Review Letters",

issn = "0031-9007",

number = "10",

}

Christy, ME, Gautam, T, Ou, L, Schmookler, B, Wang, Y, Adikaram, D, Ahmed, Z, Albataineh, H, Ali, SF, Aljawrneh, B, Allada, K, Allison, SL, Alsalmi, S, Androic, D, Aniol, K, Annand, J, Arrington, J, Atac, H, Averett, T, Ayerbe Gayoso, C, Bai, X, Bane, J, Barcus, S, Bartlett, K, Bellini, V, Beminiwattha, R, Bericic, J, Bhatt, H, Bhetuwal, D, Biswas, D, Brash, E, Bulumulla, D, Camacho, CM, Campbell, J, Camsonne, A, Carmignotto, M, Castellanos, J, Chen, C, Chen, JP, Chetry, T, Cisbani, E, Clary, B, Cohen, E, Compton, N, Cornejo, JC, Covrig Dusa, S, Crowe, B, Danagoulian, S, Danley, T, Deconinck, W, Defurne, M, Desnault, C, Di, D, Dlamini, M, Duer, M, Duran, B, Ent, R, Fanelli, C, Fuchey, E, Gal, C, Gaskell, D, Georges, F, Gilad, S, Glamazdin, O, Gnanvo, K, Gramolin, AV, Gray, VM, Gu, C, Habarakada, A, Hague, T, Hamad, G, Hamilton, D, Hamilton, K, Hansen, O, Hauenstein, F, Hernandez, AV, Henry, W, Higinbotham, DW, Holmstrom, T, Horn, T, Huang, Y, Huber, GM, Hyde, C, Ibrahim, H, Israel, N, Jen, CM, Jin, K, Jones, M, Kabir, A, Karki, B, Keppel, C, Khachatryan, V, King, PM, Li, S, Li, W, Liu, H, Liu, J, Liyanage, AH, Mack, D, Magee, J, Malace, S, Mammei, J, Markowitz, P, Mayilyan, S, McClellan, E, Meddi, F, Meekins, D, Mesick, K, Michaels, R, Mkrtchyan, A, Moffit, B, Montgomery, R, Myers, LS, Nadel-Turonski, P, Nazeer, SJ, Nelyubin, V, Nguyen, D, Nuruzzaman, N, Nycz, M, Obrecht, RF, Ohanyan, K, Palatchi, C, Pandey, B, Park, K, Park, S, Peng, C, Persio, FD, Pomatsalyuk, R, Pooser, E, Puckett, AJR, Punjabi, V, Quinn, B, Rahman, S, Rashad, MNH, Reimer, PE, Riordan, S, Roche, J, Sapkota, I, Sarty, A, Sawatzky, B, Saylor, NH, Shabestari, MH, Shahinyan, A, Širca, S, Smith, GR, Sooriyaarachchilage, S, Sparveris, N, Spies, R, Stefanko, A, Su, T, Subedi, A, Sulkosky, V, Sun, A, Tan, Y, Thorne, L, Ton, N, Tortorici, F, Trotta, R, Uniyal, R, Urciuoli, GM, Voutier, E, Waidyawansa, B, Wojtsekhowski, B, Wood, S, Yan, X, Ye, L, Ye, ZH, Yero, C, Zhang, J, Zhao, YX & Zhu, P 2022, 'Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering', Physical Review Letters, vol. 128, no. 10, 102002. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002

TY - JOUR

T1 - Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

AU - Christy, M. E.

AU - Gautam, T.

AU - Ou, L.

AU - Schmookler, B.

AU - Wang, Y.

AU - Adikaram, D.

AU - Ahmed, Z.

AU - Albataineh, H.

AU - Ali, S. F.

AU - Aljawrneh, B.

AU - Allada, K.

AU - Allison, S. L.

AU - Alsalmi, S.

AU - Androic, D.

AU - Aniol, K.

AU - Annand, J.

AU - Arrington, J.

AU - Atac, H.

AU - Averett, T.

AU - Ayerbe Gayoso, C.

AU - Bai, X.

AU - Bane, J.

AU - Barcus, S.

AU - Bartlett, K.

AU - Bellini, V.

AU - Beminiwattha, R.

AU - Bericic, J.

AU - Bhatt, H.

AU - Bhetuwal, D.

AU - Biswas, D.

AU - Brash, E.

AU - Bulumulla, D.

AU - Camacho, C. M.

AU - Campbell, J.

AU - Camsonne, A.

AU - Carmignotto, M.

AU - Castellanos, J.

AU - Chen, C.

AU - Chen, J. P.

AU - Chetry, T.

AU - Cisbani, E.

AU - Clary, B.

AU - Cohen, E.

AU - Compton, N.

AU - Cornejo, J. C.

AU - Covrig Dusa, S.

AU - Crowe, B.

AU - Danagoulian, S.

AU - Danley, T.

AU - Deconinck, W.

AU - Defurne, M.

AU - Desnault, C.

AU - Di, D.

AU - Dlamini, M.

AU - Duer, M.

AU - Duran, B.

AU - Ent, R.

AU - Fanelli, C.

AU - Fuchey, E.

AU - Gal, C.

AU - Gaskell, D.

AU - Georges, F.

AU - Gilad, S.

AU - Glamazdin, O.

AU - Gnanvo, K.

AU - Gramolin, A. V.

AU - Gray, V. M.

AU - Gu, C.

AU - Habarakada, A.

AU - Hague, T.

AU - Hamad, G.

AU - Hamilton, D.

AU - Hamilton, K.

AU - Hansen, O.

AU - Hauenstein, F.

AU - Hernandez, A. V.

AU - Henry, W.

AU - Higinbotham, D. W.

AU - Holmstrom, T.

AU - Horn, T.

AU - Huang, Y.

AU - Huber, G. M.

AU - Hyde, C.

AU - Ibrahim, H.

AU - Israel, N.

AU - Jen, C. M.

AU - Jin, K.

AU - Jones, M.

AU - Kabir, A.

AU - Karki, B.

AU - Keppel, C.

AU - Khachatryan, V.

AU - King, P. M.

AU - Li, S.

AU - Li, W.

AU - Liu, H.

AU - Liu, J.

AU - Liyanage, A. H.

AU - Mack, D.

AU - Magee, J.

AU - Malace, S.

AU - Mammei, J.

AU - Markowitz, P.

AU - Mayilyan, S.

AU - McClellan, E.

AU - Meddi, F.

AU - Meekins, D.

AU - Mesick, K.

AU - Michaels, R.

AU - Mkrtchyan, A.

AU - Moffit, B.

AU - Montgomery, R.

AU - Myers, L. S.

AU - Nadel-Turonski, P.

AU - Nazeer, S. J.

AU - Nelyubin, V.

AU - Nguyen, D.

AU - Nuruzzaman, N.

AU - Nycz, M.

AU - Obrecht, R. F.

AU - Ohanyan, K.

AU - Palatchi, C.

AU - Pandey, B.

AU - Park, K.

AU - Park, S.

AU - Peng, C.

AU - Persio, F. D.

AU - Pomatsalyuk, R.

AU - Pooser, E.

AU - Puckett, A. J.R.

AU - Punjabi, V.

AU - Quinn, B.

AU - Rahman, S.

AU - Rashad, M. N.H.

AU - Reimer, P. E.

AU - Riordan, S.

AU - Roche, J.

AU - Sapkota, I.

AU - Sarty, A.

AU - Sawatzky, B.

AU - Saylor, N. H.

AU - Shabestari, M. H.

AU - Shahinyan, A.

AU - Širca, S.

AU - Smith, G. R.

AU - Sooriyaarachchilage, S.

AU - Sparveris, N.

AU - Spies, R.

AU - Stefanko, A.

AU - Su, T.

AU - Subedi, A.

AU - Sulkosky, V.

AU - Sun, A.

AU - Tan, Y.

AU - Thorne, L.

AU - Ton, N.

AU - Tortorici, F.

AU - Trotta, R.

AU - Uniyal, R.

AU - Urciuoli, G. M.

AU - Voutier, E.

AU - Waidyawansa, B.

AU - Wojtsekhowski, B.

AU - Wood, S.

AU - Yan, X.

AU - Ye, L.

AU - Ye, Z. H.

AU - Yero, C.

AU - Zhang, J.

AU - Zhao, Y. X.

AU - Zhu, P.

PY - 2022/3/11

Y1 - 2022/3/11

N2 - We present new precision measurements of the elastic electron-proton scattering cross section for momentum transfer (Q2) up to 15.75 (GeV/c)2. Combined with existing data, these provide an improved extraction of the proton magnetic form factor at high Q2 and double the range over which a longitudinal or transverse separation of the cross section can be performed. The difference between our results and polarization data agrees with that observed at lower Q2 and attributed to hard two-photon exchange (TPE) effects, extending to 8 (GeV/c)2 the range of Q2 for which a discrepancy is established at >95% confidence. We use the discrepancy to quantify the size of TPE contributions needed to explain the cross section at high Q2.

AB - We present new precision measurements of the elastic electron-proton scattering cross section for momentum transfer (Q2) up to 15.75 (GeV/c)2. Combined with existing data, these provide an improved extraction of the proton magnetic form factor at high Q2 and double the range over which a longitudinal or transverse separation of the cross section can be performed. The difference between our results and polarization data agrees with that observed at lower Q2 and attributed to hard two-photon exchange (TPE) effects, extending to 8 (GeV/c)2 the range of Q2 for which a discrepancy is established at >95% confidence. We use the discrepancy to quantify the size of TPE contributions needed to explain the cross section at high Q2.

U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002

DO - 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002

M3 - Article

C2 - 35333083

AN - SCOPUS:85126646246

SN - 0031-9007

VL - 128

JO - Physical Review Letters

JF - Physical Review Letters

IS - 10

M1 - 102002

ER -

Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

Abstract

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