Forms of cooperation in dyadic problem-solving

We propose a descriptive model of forms of dyadic cooperative problem-solving activity, with associated learning mechanisms. Cooperative problem-solving is analysed in terms of three fundamental and gradual dimensions: symmetry, alignment and agreement. The first dimension relates to distribution of transactional roles, the second to action coordination, and the third to expression and resolution of disagreements. Combination of the three dimensions produces a space of eight main forms of cooperation, within which we situate "collaboration". Illustrative analyses of face-to-face and computer-mediated interactions are presented, revealing relations between the dimensions of cooperation. Finally, we discuss related cooperative learning mechanisms, and possible extensions to the model required for analysing larger groups.