Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions

R. Luque; K. W.F. Lam; J. Cabrera; A. Bonfanti; Y. Eschen; G. Olofsson; W. Benz; N. Billot; A. Brandeker; A. C.M. Correia; L. Fossati; D. Gandolfi; H. P. Osborn; C. Pezzotti; S. G. Sousa; T. G. Wilson; S. Wolf; Y. Alibert; R. Alonso; J. Asquier; T. Bárczy; D. Barrado; S. C.C. Barros; W. Baumjohann; F. Biondi; L. Borsato; C. Broeg; A. Collier Cameron; Sz Csizmadia; P. E. Cubillos; M. B. Davies; M. Deleuil; A. Deline; O. D.S. Demangeon; B. O. Demory; A. Derekas; B. Edwards; J. A. Egger; D. Ehrenreich; A. Erikson; A. Fortier; M. Fridlund; K. Gazeas; M. Gillon; M. Güdel; M. N. Günther; A. Heitzmann; Ch Helling; K. G. Isaak; T. Keller; L. L. Kiss; J. Korth; J. Laskar; A. Lecavelier Des Etangs; A. Leleu; M. Lendl; D. Magrin; G. Mantovan; P. F.L. Maxted; B. Merín; C. Mordasini; V. Nascimbeni; R. Ottensamer; I. Pagano; E. Pallé; G. Peter; D. Piazza; G. Piotto; D. Pollacco; D. Queloz; R. Ragazzoni; N. Rando; H. Rauer; I. Ribas; N. C. Santos; G. Scandariato; D. Ségransan; A. E. Simon; A. M.S. Smith; M. Stalport; S. Sulis; Gy M. Szabó; S. Udry; B. Ulmer; S. Ulmer-Moll; V. Van Grootel; J. Venturini; E. Villaver; N. A. Walton; D. Wolter

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556515

Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions

R. Luque
, K. W.F. Lam
, J. Cabrera
, A. Bonfanti
, Y. Eschen
, G. Olofsson
, W. Benz
, N. Billot
, A. Brandeker
, A. C.M. Correia
, L. Fossati
, D. Gandolfi
, H. P. Osborn
, C. Pezzotti
, S. G. Sousa
, T. G. Wilson
, S. Wolf
, Y. Alibert
, R. Alonso
, J. Asquier

T. Bárczy, D. Barrado, S. C.C. Barros, W. Baumjohann, F. Biondi, L. Borsato, C. Broeg, A. Collier Cameron, Sz Csizmadia, P. E. Cubillos, M. B. Davies, M. Deleuil, A. Deline, O. D.S. Demangeon, B. O. Demory, A. Derekas, B. Edwards, J. A. Egger, D. Ehrenreich, A. Erikson, A. Fortier, M. Fridlund, K. Gazeas, M. Gillon, M. Güdel, M. N. Günther, A. Heitzmann, Ch Helling, K. G. Isaak, T. Keller, L. L. Kiss, J. Korth, J. Laskar, A. Lecavelier Des Etangs, A. Leleu, M. Lendl, D. Magrin, G. Mantovan, P. F.L. Maxted, B. Merín, C. Mordasini, V. Nascimbeni, R. Ottensamer, I. Pagano, E. Pallé, G. Peter, D. Piazza, G. Piotto, D. Pollacco, D. Queloz, R. Ragazzoni, N. Rando, H. Rauer, I. Ribas, N. C. Santos, G. Scandariato, D. Ségransan, A. E. Simon, A. M.S. Smith, M. Stalport, S. Sulis, Gy M. Szabó, S. Udry, B. Ulmer, S. Ulmer-Moll, V. Van Grootel, J. Venturini, E. Villaver, N. A. Walton, D. Wolter

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Aims. We aim to refine the fundamental parameters of the TOI-2141 planetary system, which includes a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a Sun-like star on a relatively long orbit of 18.26 days, by combining new photometric and spectroscopic observations. Methods. We analyzed new space-based photometry from TESS and CHEOPS, as well as 61 radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We performed individual and joint photometric and RV analyses using several modeling tools within a Bayesian model comparison framework. Results. We refined the radius and mass of the transiting planet TOI-2141 b to 3.15 ± 0.04 R _⊕ and 20.1 ± 1.6 M _⊕ to levels that are five and two times more precise, respectively, than the previously reported values. Our radial velocity analysis reveals two additional non-transiting companions with orbital periods of 5.46 and 60.45 days. Despite the innermost planet’s high geometric transit probability, we found no evidence of transits in the photometric data. Conclusions. The bulk properties of TOI-2141 b suggest a significant volatile envelope atop an Earth-like core. The modeling indicates a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that could have experienced mild photoevaporation over the system’s history. Planets b and c are believed to exhibit a modest mutual inclination of at least ~2.4°.

Original language	English
Article number	A174
Journal	Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume	704
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556515
Publication status	Published - 1 Dec 2025
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

planets and satellites: detection
planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2141b
stars: solar-type
techniques: photometric
techniques: radial velocities

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10.1051/0004-6361/202556515

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Luque, R., Lam, K. W. F., Cabrera, J., Bonfanti, A., Eschen, Y., Olofsson, G., Benz, W., Billot, N., Brandeker, A., Correia, A. C. M., Fossati, L., Gandolfi, D., Osborn, H. P., Pezzotti, C., Sousa, S. G., Wilson, T. G., Wolf, S., Alibert, Y., Alonso, R., ... Wolter, D. (2025). Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 704, Article A174. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556515

@article{efeed96fad6841409b9360cf15587212,

title = "Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions",

abstract = "Aims. We aim to refine the fundamental parameters of the TOI-2141 planetary system, which includes a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a Sun-like star on a relatively long orbit of 18.26 days, by combining new photometric and spectroscopic observations. Methods. We analyzed new space-based photometry from TESS and CHEOPS, as well as 61 radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We performed individual and joint photometric and RV analyses using several modeling tools within a Bayesian model comparison framework. Results. We refined the radius and mass of the transiting planet TOI-2141 b to 3.15 ± 0.04 R ⊕ and 20.1 ± 1.6 M ⊕ to levels that are five and two times more precise, respectively, than the previously reported values. Our radial velocity analysis reveals two additional non-transiting companions with orbital periods of 5.46 and 60.45 days. Despite the innermost planet{\textquoteright}s high geometric transit probability, we found no evidence of transits in the photometric data. Conclusions. The bulk properties of TOI-2141 b suggest a significant volatile envelope atop an Earth-like core. The modeling indicates a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that could have experienced mild photoevaporation over the system{\textquoteright}s history. Planets b and c are believed to exhibit a modest mutual inclination of at least \textasciitilde{}2.4°.",

keywords = "planets and satellites: detection, planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2141b, stars: solar-type, techniques: photometric, techniques: radial velocities",

author = "R. Luque and Lam, \{K. W.F.\} and J. Cabrera and A. Bonfanti and Y. Eschen and G. Olofsson and W. Benz and N. Billot and A. Brandeker and Correia, \{A. C.M.\} and L. Fossati and D. Gandolfi and Osborn, \{H. P.\} and C. Pezzotti and Sousa, \{S. G.\} and Wilson, \{T. G.\} and S. Wolf and Y. Alibert and R. Alonso and J. Asquier and T. B{\'a}rczy and D. Barrado and Barros, \{S. C.C.\} and W. Baumjohann and F. Biondi and L. Borsato and C. Broeg and \{Collier Cameron\}, A. and Sz Csizmadia and Cubillos, \{P. E.\} and Davies, \{M. B.\} and M. Deleuil and A. Deline and Demangeon, \{O. D.S.\} and Demory, \{B. O.\} and A. Derekas and B. Edwards and Egger, \{J. A.\} and D. Ehrenreich and A. Erikson and A. Fortier and M. Fridlund and K. Gazeas and M. Gillon and M. G{\"u}del and G{\"u}nther, \{M. N.\} and A. Heitzmann and Ch Helling and Isaak, \{K. G.\} and T. Keller and Kiss, \{L. L.\} and J. Korth and J. Laskar and \{Lecavelier Des Etangs\}, A. and A. Leleu and M. Lendl and D. Magrin and G. Mantovan and Maxted, \{P. F.L.\} and B. Mer{\'i}n and C. Mordasini and V. Nascimbeni and R. Ottensamer and I. Pagano and E. Pall{\'e} and G. Peter and D. Piazza and G. Piotto and D. Pollacco and D. Queloz and R. Ragazzoni and N. Rando and H. Rauer and I. Ribas and Santos, \{N. C.\} and G. Scandariato and D. S{\'e}gransan and Simon, \{A. E.\} and Smith, \{A. M.S.\} and M. Stalport and S. Sulis and Szab{\'o}, \{Gy M.\} and S. Udry and B. Ulmer and S. Ulmer-Moll and \{Van Grootel\}, V. and J. Venturini and E. Villaver and Walton, \{N. A.\} and D. Wolter",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Authors 2025.",

year = "2025",

month = dec,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202556515",

language = "English",

volume = "704",

journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

}

Luque, R, Lam, KWF, Cabrera, J, Bonfanti, A, Eschen, Y, Olofsson, G, Benz, W, Billot, N, Brandeker, A, Correia, ACM, Fossati, L, Gandolfi, D, Osborn, HP, Pezzotti, C, Sousa, SG, Wilson, TG, Wolf, S, Alibert, Y, Alonso, R, Asquier, J, Bárczy, T, Barrado, D, Barros, SCC, Baumjohann, W, Biondi, F, Borsato, L, Broeg, C, Collier Cameron, A, Csizmadia, S, Cubillos, PE, Davies, MB, Deleuil, M, Deline, A, Demangeon, ODS, Demory, BO, Derekas, A, Edwards, B, Egger, JA, Ehrenreich, D, Erikson, A, Fortier, A, Fridlund, M, Gazeas, K, Gillon, M, Güdel, M, Günther, MN, Heitzmann, A, Helling, C, Isaak, KG, Keller, T, Kiss, LL, Korth, J, Laskar, J, Lecavelier Des Etangs, A, Leleu, A, Lendl, M, Magrin, D, Mantovan, G, Maxted, PFL, Merín, B, Mordasini, C, Nascimbeni, V, Ottensamer, R, Pagano, I, Pallé, E, Peter, G, Piazza, D, Piotto, G, Pollacco, D, Queloz, D, Ragazzoni, R, Rando, N, Rauer, H, Ribas, I, Santos, NC, Scandariato, G, Ségransan, D, Simon, AE, Smith, AMS, Stalport, M, Sulis, S, Szabó, GM, Udry, S, Ulmer, B, Ulmer-Moll, S, Van Grootel, V, Venturini, J, Villaver, E, Walton, NA & Wolter, D 2025, 'Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 704, A174. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556515

TY - JOUR

T1 - Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system

T2 - A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions

AU - Luque, R.

AU - Lam, K. W.F.

AU - Cabrera, J.

AU - Bonfanti, A.

AU - Eschen, Y.

AU - Olofsson, G.

AU - Benz, W.

AU - Billot, N.

AU - Brandeker, A.

AU - Correia, A. C.M.

AU - Fossati, L.

AU - Gandolfi, D.

AU - Osborn, H. P.

AU - Pezzotti, C.

AU - Sousa, S. G.

AU - Wilson, T. G.

AU - Wolf, S.

AU - Alibert, Y.

AU - Alonso, R.

AU - Asquier, J.

AU - Bárczy, T.

AU - Barrado, D.

AU - Barros, S. C.C.

AU - Baumjohann, W.

AU - Biondi, F.

AU - Borsato, L.

AU - Broeg, C.

AU - Collier Cameron, A.

AU - Csizmadia, Sz

AU - Cubillos, P. E.

AU - Davies, M. B.

AU - Deleuil, M.

AU - Deline, A.

AU - Demangeon, O. D.S.

AU - Demory, B. O.

AU - Derekas, A.

AU - Edwards, B.

AU - Egger, J. A.

AU - Ehrenreich, D.

AU - Erikson, A.

AU - Fortier, A.

AU - Fridlund, M.

AU - Gazeas, K.

AU - Gillon, M.

AU - Güdel, M.

AU - Günther, M. N.

AU - Heitzmann, A.

AU - Helling, Ch

AU - Isaak, K. G.

AU - Keller, T.

AU - Kiss, L. L.

AU - Korth, J.

AU - Laskar, J.

AU - Lecavelier Des Etangs, A.

AU - Leleu, A.

AU - Lendl, M.

AU - Magrin, D.

AU - Mantovan, G.

AU - Maxted, P. F.L.

AU - Merín, B.

AU - Mordasini, C.

AU - Nascimbeni, V.

AU - Ottensamer, R.

AU - Pagano, I.

AU - Pallé, E.

AU - Peter, G.

AU - Piazza, D.

AU - Piotto, G.

AU - Pollacco, D.

AU - Queloz, D.

AU - Ragazzoni, R.

AU - Rando, N.

AU - Rauer, H.

AU - Ribas, I.

AU - Santos, N. C.

AU - Scandariato, G.

AU - Ségransan, D.

AU - Simon, A. E.

AU - Smith, A. M.S.

AU - Stalport, M.

AU - Sulis, S.

AU - Szabó, Gy M.

AU - Udry, S.

AU - Ulmer, B.

AU - Ulmer-Moll, S.

AU - Van Grootel, V.

AU - Venturini, J.

AU - Villaver, E.

AU - Walton, N. A.

AU - Wolter, D.

PY - 2025/12/1

Y1 - 2025/12/1

N2 - Aims. We aim to refine the fundamental parameters of the TOI-2141 planetary system, which includes a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a Sun-like star on a relatively long orbit of 18.26 days, by combining new photometric and spectroscopic observations. Methods. We analyzed new space-based photometry from TESS and CHEOPS, as well as 61 radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We performed individual and joint photometric and RV analyses using several modeling tools within a Bayesian model comparison framework. Results. We refined the radius and mass of the transiting planet TOI-2141 b to 3.15 ± 0.04 R ⊕ and 20.1 ± 1.6 M ⊕ to levels that are five and two times more precise, respectively, than the previously reported values. Our radial velocity analysis reveals two additional non-transiting companions with orbital periods of 5.46 and 60.45 days. Despite the innermost planet’s high geometric transit probability, we found no evidence of transits in the photometric data. Conclusions. The bulk properties of TOI-2141 b suggest a significant volatile envelope atop an Earth-like core. The modeling indicates a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that could have experienced mild photoevaporation over the system’s history. Planets b and c are believed to exhibit a modest mutual inclination of at least ~2.4°.

AB - Aims. We aim to refine the fundamental parameters of the TOI-2141 planetary system, which includes a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a Sun-like star on a relatively long orbit of 18.26 days, by combining new photometric and spectroscopic observations. Methods. We analyzed new space-based photometry from TESS and CHEOPS, as well as 61 radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We performed individual and joint photometric and RV analyses using several modeling tools within a Bayesian model comparison framework. Results. We refined the radius and mass of the transiting planet TOI-2141 b to 3.15 ± 0.04 R ⊕ and 20.1 ± 1.6 M ⊕ to levels that are five and two times more precise, respectively, than the previously reported values. Our radial velocity analysis reveals two additional non-transiting companions with orbital periods of 5.46 and 60.45 days. Despite the innermost planet’s high geometric transit probability, we found no evidence of transits in the photometric data. Conclusions. The bulk properties of TOI-2141 b suggest a significant volatile envelope atop an Earth-like core. The modeling indicates a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that could have experienced mild photoevaporation over the system’s history. Planets b and c are believed to exhibit a modest mutual inclination of at least ~2.4°.

KW - planets and satellites: detection

KW - planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2141b

KW - stars: solar-type

KW - techniques: photometric

KW - techniques: radial velocities

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024749894

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202556515

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202556515

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105024749894

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 704

JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics

M1 - A174

ER -

Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions

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Keywords

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