Large Deviations of a Tracer in the Symmetric Exclusion Process

The one-dimensional symmetric exclusion process, the simplest interacting particle process, is a lattice gas made of particles that hop symmetrically on a discrete line respecting hard-core exclusion. The system is prepared on the infinite lattice with a step initial profile with average densities ρ+ and ρ- on the right and on the left of the origin. When ρ+=ρ-, the gas is at equilibrium and undergoes stationary fluctuations. When these densities are unequal, the gas is out of equilibrium and will remain so forever. A tracer, or a tagged particle, is initially located at the boundary between the two domains; its position Xt is a random observable in time that carries information on the nonequilibrium dynamics of the whole system. We derive an exact formula for the cumulant generating function and the large deviation function of Xt in the long-time limit and deduce the full statistical properties of the tracer's position. The equilibrium fluctuations of the tracer's position, when the density is uniform, are obtained as an important special case.