Large-scale dynamic systems

Large-scale dynamic systems are highly pervasive and find wide range of applications, including modeling the brain, power systems, sensors, and the environment. An active dynamic system is defined as a large-scale system due to the combination of three factors, such as high dimensionality of the environment state space, high computational complexity, and high search complexity of the action space. An active dynamic system is cable of interacting with its environment and has natural capability to perform optimal control by searching over the action space for an optimal policy. A research paper presents a large-scale multiparticle stochastic dynamical simulation model called Brownian dynamics for ion permeation, which captures the dynamics of the ions in a femtosecond time scale and angstrom-unit spatial scale.