Positive and negative DC glow discharges: A comparative study to characterize self-organized patterns on water surface

Self-organized patterns (SOPs) in plasma discharges arise from the complex interplay of electric field, reactive species, and charged particles, driven by non-linear plasma dynamics. While studies have explored SOP formation in various configurations, no systematic comparison of positive and negative DC glow discharges (NGD) has been conducted to explain why SOPs form exclusively when polarization is negative. This study aims to analyze SOP formation mechanisms by comparing the electrical, optical, and spectral properties of positive and negative DC glow discharges interacting with a grounded water surface. Key differences in gas temperature, electric field, and reactive species distribution are hence identified. For positive DC glow discharges, the gas temperature remains in the 350-370 K range, while the reduced electric field remains below 100 Td across the gap. The plasma is dominated by OH^• and N₂^* species, whose excitation results from direct electron impact and energy transfer in a low-field environment. The absence of strong ionization and electric field gradients leads to a spatially homogeneous emission layer on the liquid surface, resulting in a circular uniform plasma pattern without self-organization. In contrast, SOP emerges exclusively under NGD at currents above 15 mA. These discharges are characterized by a non-linear reduced electric field, peaking at 485 Td at 1 mm from the cathode pin, dropping below 100 Td in the central gap and rising to 460 Td near the water surface. There, the plasma layer still contains not only OH^• and N₂^* species but also N₂⁺ ions, the latter being critical for SOP formation. SOP morphology evolves with gap size: at 7 mm, patterns transition from specks to filaments, with pattern diameters and thickness as high as 5.5 mm and 210 μm, respectively. Lowering water surface tension with surfactants reduces SOP size and modifies pattern morphology. Our results deepen understanding of plasma self-organization mechanisms, particularly the role of polarity and liquid surface dynamics.