Ruthenium-Substituted Polyoxoanion Serves as Redox Shuttle and Intermediate Stabilizer in Selective Electrooxidation of Ethylene to Ethylene Glycol

The high carbon intensity of present-day ethylene glycol (EG) production motivates interest in electrifying ethylene oxidation. Noting poor kinetics in prior reports of the organic electrooxidation of small hydrocarbons, we explored the design of mediators that activate and simultaneously stabilize light alkenes. A ruthenium-substituted polyoxometalate (Ru-POM, {Si[Ru(H₂O)W₁₁O₃₉]}^5-) achieves 82% faradaic efficiency in EG production at 100 mA/cm² under ambient conditions. Via the union of in situ spectroscopic techniques, electrochemical studies, and density functional theory calculations, we find evidence of a two-step oxidation mechanism: Ru-POM first undergoes electrochemical oxidation to the high valent state, activating ethylene via partial oxidation and forming an intermediate complex; this intermediate complex then migrates to the anode where it undergoes further oxidation to produce EG. The Ru-POM-mediated electrocatalytic system reduces the projected energy consumption required in EG production, requiring 9 GJ per ton of EG (and accompanied by 0.04 ton H₂ coproduction), compared to 20-30 GJ/ton in typical prior processes.