State of the development of X-ray lasers and applications at LSAI

Obtaining an X-ray laser emission from plasmas, created and driven by an intense IR laser, has been pursued at the Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique et Ionique (LSAI) for several years. At present, we operate various types of X-ray lasers driven by IR laser pulses of different durations (600 ps, 100 ps, and 600 ps/1 ps). A review of different techniques used at the LSAI to produce a strongly amplified emission using the collisional excitation pumping is presented. In the second part of this paper, to illustrate the potential of the X-ray lasers for applications, we present the main results obtained with an X-ray laser emitting at 21.2 nm in a study of surface defects of a niobium cathode, induced by strong electrical fields. We also describe a novel imaging interferometry device using an X-ray laser as a source and designed as a tool for high-resolution diagnostic of dense plasmas.