The generation of micro-fiducials in laser-accelerated proton flows, their imaging property of surface structures and application for the characterization of the flow

The image generation process of micro-fiducials in the laser accelerated proton beams while detecting radio-chromic film-stacks (RCF), was discussed. It was observed that proton transported structure in formation from the rear surface of the target into the detector were used to measure essential properties of the flow like an upper limit of the lateral beam emittance and the source area of the laser accelerated protons for a particular energy. The mechanism responsible for the generation of images of surface structures was also discussed. Results of image formation structures show new way for flow emittance measurements, sheath size determinations, and flow characterization.