The spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles

M. Ackermann; A. Albert; W. B. Atwood; L. Baldini; J. Ballet; G. Barbiellini; D. Bastieri; R. Bellazzini; E. Bissaldi; R. D. Blandford; E. D. Bloom; E. Bottacini; T. J. Brandt; J. Bregeon; P. Bruel; R. Buehler; S. Buson; G. A. Caliandro; R. A. Cameron; M. Caragiulo; P. A. Caraveo; E. Cavazzuti; C. Cecchi; E. Charles; A. Chekhtman; J. Chiang; G. Chiaro; S. Ciprini; R. Claus; J. Cohen-Tanugi; J. Conrad; S. Cutini; F. D'Ammando; A. De Angelis; F. De Palma; C. D. Dermer; S. W. Digel; L. Di Venere; E. Do Couto E Silva; P. S. Drell; C. Favuzzi; E. C. Ferrara; W. B. Focke; A. Franckowiak; Y. Fukazawa; S. Funk; P. Fusco; F. Gargano; D. Gasparrini; S. Germani; N. Giglietto; F. Giordano; M. Giroletti; G. Godfrey; G. A. Gomez-Vargas; I. A. Grenier; S. Guiriec; D. Hadasch; A. K. Harding; E. Hays; J. W. Hewitt; X. Hou; T. Jogler; G. Jóhannesson; A. S. Johnson; W. N. Johnson; T. Kamae; J. Kataoka; J. Knödlseder; D. Kocevski; M. Kuss; S. Larsson; L. Latronico; F. Longo; F. Loparco; M. N. Lovellette; P. Lubrano; D. Malyshev; A. Manfreda; F. Massaro; M. Mayer; M. N. Mazziotta; J. E. McEnery; P. F. Michelson; W. Mitthumsiri; T. Mizuno; M. E. Monzani; A. Morselli; I. V. Moskalenko; S. Murgia; R. Nemmen; E. Nuss; T. Ohsugi; N. Omodei; M. Orienti; E. Orlando; J. F. Ormes; D. Paneque; J. H. Panetta

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64

The spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles

M. Ackermann
, A. Albert
, W. B. Atwood
, L. Baldini
, J. Ballet
, G. Barbiellini
, D. Bastieri
, R. Bellazzini
, E. Bissaldi
, R. D. Blandford
, E. D. Bloom
, E. Bottacini
, T. J. Brandt
, J. Bregeon
, P. Bruel
, R. Buehler
, S. Buson
, G. A. Caliandro
, R. A. Cameron
, M. Caragiulo

P. A. Caraveo, E. Cavazzuti, C. Cecchi, E. Charles, A. Chekhtman, J. Chiang, G. Chiaro, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, J. Cohen-Tanugi, J. Conrad, S. Cutini, F. D'Ammando, A. De Angelis, F. De Palma, C. D. Dermer, S. W. Digel, L. Di Venere, E. Do Couto E Silva, P. S. Drell, C. Favuzzi, E. C. Ferrara, W. B. Focke, A. Franckowiak, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, D. Gasparrini, S. Germani, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, G. Godfrey, G. A. Gomez-Vargas, I. A. Grenier, S. Guiriec, D. Hadasch, A. K. Harding, E. Hays, J. W. Hewitt, X. Hou, T. Jogler, G. Jóhannesson, A. S. Johnson, W. N. Johnson, T. Kamae, J. Kataoka, J. Knödlseder, D. Kocevski, M. Kuss, S. Larsson, L. Latronico, F. Longo, F. Loparco, M. N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, D. Malyshev, A. Manfreda, F. Massaro, M. Mayer, M. N. Mazziotta, J. E. McEnery, P. F. Michelson, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Mizuno, M. E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I. V. Moskalenko, S. Murgia, R. Nemmen, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, N. Omodei, M. Orienti, E. Orlando, J. F. Ormes, D. Paneque, J. H. Panetta

c/o DESY
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
University of California at Santa Cruz
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
Universite Paris-Saclay
INFN Sezione di Trieste
University of Trieste
INFN
University of Padova
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS)
INFN Sezione di Bari
INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Milan
Science and Research Directorate
INFN Sezione di Perugia
University of Perugia
George Mason University
Naval Research Laboratory
Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
Stockholm University
Oskar Klein Centre
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia
University of Bologna
and Physics University of Udine
Politecnico di Bari
Hiroshima University
Sezione di Roma
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Medical University of Innsbruck
Biochemical and Environmental Engineering
UMR 5797
University of Iceland
Waseda University
IRAP/CNRS
INFN Sezione di Torino
Yale University
University of Maryland
Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
Long Beach VA and University of California
University of Denver
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

304 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The Fermi bubbles are two large structures in the gamma-ray sky extending to 55° above and below the Galactic center. We analyze 50 months of Fermi Large Area Telescope data between 100 MeV and 500 GeV above 10° in Galactic latitude to derive the spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles. We thoroughly explore the systematic uncertainties that arise when modeling the Galactic diffuse emission through two separate approaches. The gamma-ray spectrum is well described by either a log parabola or a power law with an exponential cutoff. We exclude a simple power law with more than 7σ significance. The power law with an exponential cutoff has an index of 1.9 ± 0.2 and a cutoff energy of 110 ± 50 GeV. We find that the gamma-ray luminosity of the bubbles is erg s^-1. We confirm a significant enhancement of gamma-ray emission in the southeastern part of the bubbles, but we do not find significant evidence for a jet. No significant variation of the spectrum across the bubbles is detected. The width of the boundary of the bubbles is estimated to be deg. Both inverse Compton (IC) models and hadronic models including IC emission from secondary leptons fit the gamma-ray data well. In the IC scenario, synchrotron emission from the same population of electrons can also explain the WMAP and Planck microwave haze with a magnetic field between 5 and 20 μG.

Original language	English
Article number	64
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	793
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64
Publication status	Published - 20 Sept 2014

Keywords

Galaxy: general
Galaxy: halo
astroparticle physics
cosmic rays
gamma rays: diffuse background
methods: data analysis

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10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64

Cite this

Ackermann, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bottacini, E., Brandt, T. J., Bregeon, J., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., ... Panetta, J. H. (2014). The spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles. Astrophysical Journal, 793(1), Article 64. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64

@article{12c73726ebff4dd39fee5b82b97a9230,

title = "The spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles",

abstract = "The Fermi bubbles are two large structures in the gamma-ray sky extending to 55° above and below the Galactic center. We analyze 50 months of Fermi Large Area Telescope data between 100 MeV and 500 GeV above 10° in Galactic latitude to derive the spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles. We thoroughly explore the systematic uncertainties that arise when modeling the Galactic diffuse emission through two separate approaches. The gamma-ray spectrum is well described by either a log parabola or a power law with an exponential cutoff. We exclude a simple power law with more than 7σ significance. The power law with an exponential cutoff has an index of 1.9 ± 0.2 and a cutoff energy of 110 ± 50 GeV. We find that the gamma-ray luminosity of the bubbles is erg s-1. We confirm a significant enhancement of gamma-ray emission in the southeastern part of the bubbles, but we do not find significant evidence for a jet. No significant variation of the spectrum across the bubbles is detected. The width of the boundary of the bubbles is estimated to be deg. Both inverse Compton (IC) models and hadronic models including IC emission from secondary leptons fit the gamma-ray data well. In the IC scenario, synchrotron emission from the same population of electrons can also explain the WMAP and Planck microwave haze with a magnetic field between 5 and 20 μG.",

keywords = "Galaxy: general, Galaxy: halo, astroparticle physics, cosmic rays, gamma rays: diffuse background, methods: data analysis",

author = "M. Ackermann and A. Albert and Atwood, \{W. B.\} and L. Baldini and J. Ballet and G. Barbiellini and D. Bastieri and R. Bellazzini and E. Bissaldi and Blandford, \{R. D.\} and Bloom, \{E. D.\} and E. Bottacini and Brandt, \{T. J.\} and J. Bregeon and P. Bruel and R. Buehler and S. Buson and Caliandro, \{G. A.\} and Cameron, \{R. A.\} and M. Caragiulo and Caraveo, \{P. A.\} and E. Cavazzuti and C. Cecchi and E. Charles and A. Chekhtman and J. Chiang and G. Chiaro and S. Ciprini and R. Claus and J. Cohen-Tanugi and J. Conrad and S. Cutini and F. D'Ammando and \{De Angelis\}, A. and \{De Palma\}, F. and Dermer, \{C. D.\} and Digel, \{S. W.\} and \{Di Venere\}, L. and \{Do Couto E Silva\}, E. and Drell, \{P. S.\} and C. Favuzzi and Ferrara, \{E. C.\} and Focke, \{W. B.\} and A. Franckowiak and Y. Fukazawa and S. Funk and P. Fusco and F. Gargano and D. Gasparrini and S. Germani and N. Giglietto and F. Giordano and M. Giroletti and G. Godfrey and Gomez-Vargas, \{G. A.\} and Grenier, \{I. A.\} and S. Guiriec and D. Hadasch and Harding, \{A. K.\} and E. Hays and Hewitt, \{J. W.\} and X. Hou and T. Jogler and G. J{\'o}hannesson and Johnson, \{A. S.\} and Johnson, \{W. N.\} and T. Kamae and J. Kataoka and J. Kn{\"o}dlseder and D. Kocevski and M. Kuss and S. Larsson and L. Latronico and F. Longo and F. Loparco and Lovellette, \{M. N.\} and P. Lubrano and D. Malyshev and A. Manfreda and F. Massaro and M. Mayer and Mazziotta, \{M. N.\} and McEnery, \{J. E.\} and Michelson, \{P. F.\} and W. Mitthumsiri and T. Mizuno and Monzani, \{M. E.\} and A. Morselli and Moskalenko, \{I. V.\} and S. Murgia and R. Nemmen and E. Nuss and T. Ohsugi and N. Omodei and M. Orienti and E. Orlando and Ormes, \{J. F.\} and D. Paneque and Panetta, \{J. H.\}",

year = "2014",

month = sep,

day = "20",

doi = "10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64",

language = "English",

volume = "793",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "1",

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Ackermann, M, Albert, A, Atwood, WB, Baldini, L, Ballet, J, Barbiellini, G, Bastieri, D, Bellazzini, R, Bissaldi, E, Blandford, RD, Bloom, ED, Bottacini, E, Brandt, TJ, Bregeon, J, Bruel, P, Buehler, R, Buson, S, Caliandro, GA, Cameron, RA, Caragiulo, M, Caraveo, PA, Cavazzuti, E, Cecchi, C, Charles, E, Chekhtman, A, Chiang, J, Chiaro, G, Ciprini, S, Claus, R, Cohen-Tanugi, J, Conrad, J, Cutini, S, D'Ammando, F, De Angelis, A, De Palma, F, Dermer, CD, Digel, SW, Di Venere, L, Do Couto E Silva, E, Drell, PS, Favuzzi, C, Ferrara, EC, Focke, WB, Franckowiak, A, Fukazawa, Y, Funk, S, Fusco, P, Gargano, F, Gasparrini, D, Germani, S, Giglietto, N, Giordano, F, Giroletti, M, Godfrey, G, Gomez-Vargas, GA, Grenier, IA, Guiriec, S, Hadasch, D, Harding, AK, Hays, E, Hewitt, JW, Hou, X, Jogler, T, Jóhannesson, G, Johnson, AS, Johnson, WN, Kamae, T, Kataoka, J, Knödlseder, J, Kocevski, D, Kuss, M, Larsson, S, Latronico, L, Longo, F, Loparco, F, Lovellette, MN, Lubrano, P, Malyshev, D, Manfreda, A, Massaro, F, Mayer, M, Mazziotta, MN, McEnery, JE, Michelson, PF, Mitthumsiri, W, Mizuno, T, Monzani, ME, Morselli, A, Moskalenko, IV, Murgia, S, Nemmen, R, Nuss, E, Ohsugi, T, Omodei, N, Orienti, M, Orlando, E, Ormes, JF, Paneque, D & Panetta, JH 2014, 'The spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 793, no. 1, 64. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64

TY - JOUR

T1 - The spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles

AU - Ackermann, M.

AU - Albert, A.

AU - Atwood, W. B.

AU - Baldini, L.

AU - Ballet, J.

AU - Barbiellini, G.

AU - Bastieri, D.

AU - Bellazzini, R.

AU - Bissaldi, E.

AU - Blandford, R. D.

AU - Bloom, E. D.

AU - Bottacini, E.

AU - Brandt, T. J.

AU - Bregeon, J.

AU - Bruel, P.

AU - Buehler, R.

AU - Buson, S.

AU - Caliandro, G. A.

AU - Cameron, R. A.

AU - Caragiulo, M.

AU - Caraveo, P. A.

AU - Cavazzuti, E.

AU - Cecchi, C.

AU - Charles, E.

AU - Chekhtman, A.

AU - Chiang, J.

AU - Chiaro, G.

AU - Ciprini, S.

AU - Claus, R.

AU - Cohen-Tanugi, J.

AU - Conrad, J.

AU - Cutini, S.

AU - D'Ammando, F.

AU - De Angelis, A.

AU - De Palma, F.

AU - Dermer, C. D.

AU - Digel, S. W.

AU - Di Venere, L.

AU - Do Couto E Silva, E.

AU - Drell, P. S.

AU - Favuzzi, C.

AU - Ferrara, E. C.

AU - Focke, W. B.

AU - Franckowiak, A.

AU - Fukazawa, Y.

AU - Funk, S.

AU - Fusco, P.

AU - Gargano, F.

AU - Gasparrini, D.

AU - Germani, S.

AU - Giglietto, N.

AU - Giordano, F.

AU - Giroletti, M.

AU - Godfrey, G.

AU - Gomez-Vargas, G. A.

AU - Grenier, I. A.

AU - Guiriec, S.

AU - Hadasch, D.

AU - Harding, A. K.

AU - Hays, E.

AU - Hewitt, J. W.

AU - Hou, X.

AU - Jogler, T.

AU - Jóhannesson, G.

AU - Johnson, A. S.

AU - Johnson, W. N.

AU - Kamae, T.

AU - Kataoka, J.

AU - Knödlseder, J.

AU - Kocevski, D.

AU - Kuss, M.

AU - Larsson, S.

AU - Latronico, L.

AU - Longo, F.

AU - Loparco, F.

AU - Lovellette, M. N.

AU - Lubrano, P.

AU - Malyshev, D.

AU - Manfreda, A.

AU - Massaro, F.

AU - Mayer, M.

AU - Mazziotta, M. N.

AU - McEnery, J. E.

AU - Michelson, P. F.

AU - Mitthumsiri, W.

AU - Mizuno, T.

AU - Monzani, M. E.

AU - Morselli, A.

AU - Moskalenko, I. V.

AU - Murgia, S.

AU - Nemmen, R.

AU - Nuss, E.

AU - Ohsugi, T.

AU - Omodei, N.

AU - Orienti, M.

AU - Orlando, E.

AU - Ormes, J. F.

AU - Paneque, D.

AU - Panetta, J. H.

PY - 2014/9/20

Y1 - 2014/9/20

N2 - The Fermi bubbles are two large structures in the gamma-ray sky extending to 55° above and below the Galactic center. We analyze 50 months of Fermi Large Area Telescope data between 100 MeV and 500 GeV above 10° in Galactic latitude to derive the spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles. We thoroughly explore the systematic uncertainties that arise when modeling the Galactic diffuse emission through two separate approaches. The gamma-ray spectrum is well described by either a log parabola or a power law with an exponential cutoff. We exclude a simple power law with more than 7σ significance. The power law with an exponential cutoff has an index of 1.9 ± 0.2 and a cutoff energy of 110 ± 50 GeV. We find that the gamma-ray luminosity of the bubbles is erg s-1. We confirm a significant enhancement of gamma-ray emission in the southeastern part of the bubbles, but we do not find significant evidence for a jet. No significant variation of the spectrum across the bubbles is detected. The width of the boundary of the bubbles is estimated to be deg. Both inverse Compton (IC) models and hadronic models including IC emission from secondary leptons fit the gamma-ray data well. In the IC scenario, synchrotron emission from the same population of electrons can also explain the WMAP and Planck microwave haze with a magnetic field between 5 and 20 μG.

AB - The Fermi bubbles are two large structures in the gamma-ray sky extending to 55° above and below the Galactic center. We analyze 50 months of Fermi Large Area Telescope data between 100 MeV and 500 GeV above 10° in Galactic latitude to derive the spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles. We thoroughly explore the systematic uncertainties that arise when modeling the Galactic diffuse emission through two separate approaches. The gamma-ray spectrum is well described by either a log parabola or a power law with an exponential cutoff. We exclude a simple power law with more than 7σ significance. The power law with an exponential cutoff has an index of 1.9 ± 0.2 and a cutoff energy of 110 ± 50 GeV. We find that the gamma-ray luminosity of the bubbles is erg s-1. We confirm a significant enhancement of gamma-ray emission in the southeastern part of the bubbles, but we do not find significant evidence for a jet. No significant variation of the spectrum across the bubbles is detected. The width of the boundary of the bubbles is estimated to be deg. Both inverse Compton (IC) models and hadronic models including IC emission from secondary leptons fit the gamma-ray data well. In the IC scenario, synchrotron emission from the same population of electrons can also explain the WMAP and Planck microwave haze with a magnetic field between 5 and 20 μG.

KW - Galaxy: general

KW - Galaxy: halo

KW - astroparticle physics

KW - cosmic rays

KW - gamma rays: diffuse background

KW - methods: data analysis

U2 - 10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64

DO - 10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:84906960855

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 793

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 64

ER -

The spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles

Abstract

Keywords

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