The timing of elections in federations: A disciplining device against soft budget constraints?

We introduce political economics into the soft budget constraint problem by asking if the timing of elections has the potential to harden budget constraints. Specifically, we ask under which circumstances the soft budget constraint problem is worse-with synchronized elections, i. e. simultaneous central and regional office terms, or with staggered elections, i. e. terms of office that do not coincide. We find that staggered elections clearly improve fiscal discipline at the local level as well as welfare.