Theoretical and experimental study of elliptical Gaussian-mode size dynamics in ring lasers

In the framework of the ABCD ray matrix formalism, a theoretical model is proposed to describe the fundamental TEM00 elliptical Gaussian-mode size variations due to frequency-dependent lenslike effects in ring lasers. Two different mode size dynamics are predicted in the sagittal and tangential planes of the planar ring cavity, leading to the existence of different critical geometries in each plane, i.e., geometries for which the tangential or sagittal mode size at a given point becomes independent of the focal length. The frequency-dependent diffraction losses associated with these mode size variations predict rather complex asymmetries in the output power profiles in usual ring lasers, even in the case of a single-isotope gas mixture. Moreover, a ;fully critical geometry; is predicted for which sagittal and tangential critical geometries occur simultaneously, making the two mode sizes independent of the lenses. A first type of experiment confirms the existence of the sagittal and tangential double dynamics and the role played by resonant diffraction thanks to the diffracted-light-spectroscopy technique. A second type of experiment proves the existence of the fully critical geometry. The theoretical predictions are in very good agreement with the experimental results.