Thermodynamics and Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid behavior of the quantum one-dimensional hard-rod model

The one-dimensional hard-rod model describes impenetrable bosons with finite diameter, extending the Lieb-Liniger model to systems with excluded volume interactions. Here, we investigate the thermodynamics of quantum hard rods using Yang-Yang theory, path integral quantum Monte Carlo calculations, and Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid theory. We first discuss the behavior of characteristic thermodynamic quantities, exhibiting deviations to the Lieb-Liniger model for sufficiently high densities, with excellent agreement between analytical and numerical results. We then show that the hard-rod model exhibits Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid behavior across a wide range of parameters, at zero and finite temperature, as unveiled by correlation functions. The Luttinger parameter and thermal length can be extracted by fitting correlation functions to Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid theory, hence demonstrating a robust method for thermometry. This work provides a comprehensive study of strongly correlated hard-rod systems at finite temperatures, with applications to quantum wires, spin chains, and ultracold atoms.