Understanding AUV Formations Through Fluid Dynamics: Strategies for Enhanced Energetic Efficiency

Much like how birds or fish move in specific formations to save energy, there is an opportunity for AUVs to adopt similar formations to maximize their energy efficiency. Such practices could revolutionize how we use AUVs for various oceanic activities in the future. In this study, to tackle the complex hydrodynamics in grouped AUVs, a two-tiered computational method is employed, encompassing both individual AUV analysis and collective behavior. We find that the most energy-efficient formations for AUV group, ranging from pairs to tens of individuals, is when one AUV trails to the side of another, and eventually results in a 'chain' pattern optimal formation for large AUV group. Beyond the optimal chain formation, we investigated the fluid dynamics effects of specific typical formations such as wedge, line, diagonal line, rectangular and spiral shapes. These were then compared to the energy consumption of the optimal formation. These quantitative analyses may provide important reference in future marine exploration based on AUV groups.