Velocity biases of adaptive filter estimates in heterodyne Doppler lidar measurements

Frequency estimates by heterodyne Doppler lidar (HDL) may result in velocity bias due to the atmospheric speckle effect and an asymmetrical power spectrum of the probing pulse, as discussed in a previous paper by Dabas et al. In this paper, it has been shown that the velocity bias can be accounted for and corrected on a single measurement basis for a mean frequency estimator (e.g., pulse pair). In the present paper, a new procedure is proposed and validated for adaptive filters (e.g., Levin, notch, etc.), which accounts for nonstationary conditions such as wind turbulence, wind shear, and backscattered power gradient. The present study is conducted using both numerical simulations and actual data taken by a 10-μm HDL.