CALPHAD formalism for Portland clinker: Thermodynamic models and databases

The so-called CALPHAD method is widely used in metallurgy to predict phase diagrams of multi-component systems. The application of the method to oxide systems is much more recent, mainly because of the difficulty of modelling the ionic liquid phase. Since the 1980s, several models have been proposed by various communities. Thermodynamic databases for oxides are available and still under development. The purpose of this article is to discuss the distinct approaches of the method for the calculation of multi-component systems for Portland cement elaboration. The article gives a state of the art of the most recent experimental data and the various calculations for the CaO-Al ₂O ₃-SiO ₂ phase diagram. A literature review of the three binary sub-systems leads to main conclusions: (i) discrepancies are found in the literature for the selected experimental data, (ii) the phase diagram data in the reference books are not complete and up to date and (iii) the two-sublattices model and the modified quasichemical model can be equally used for the modelling of the aluminates liquid. The predictive feature of the CALPHAD method is illustrated using the CaO-Al ₂O ₃-SiO ₂ system with the two-sublattices model: extrapolated (predicted) and fully-assessed phase diagrams are compared in the clinkering zone of interest. The recent application of the predictive method for the calculations of high-order systems (taking into account Fe ₂O ₃, SO ₃, CaF ₂, P ₂O ₅,) shows that the databases developed with the two-sublattices model and the modified quasichemical model are no longer equivalent.