Detection of gamma rays from a starburst galaxy

F. Acero; F. Aharonian; A. G. Akhperjanian; G. Anton; U. De Barres Almeida; A. R. Bazer-Bachi; Y. Becherini; B. Behera; K. Bernlöhr; A. Bochow; C. Boisson; J. Bolmont; V. Borrel; J. Brucker; F. Brun; P. Brun; R. Bühler; T. Bulik; I. Büsching; T. Boutelier; P. M. Chadwick; A. Charbonnier; R. C.G. Chaves; A. Cheesebrough; L. M. Chounet; A. C. Clapson; G. Coignet; M. Dalton; M. K. Daniel; I. D. Davids; B. Degrange; C. Deil; H. J. Dickinson; A. Djannati-Ataï; W. Domainko; L. O'C Drury; F. Dubois; G. Dubus; J. Dyks; M. Dyrda; K. Egberts; D. Emmanoulopoulos; P. Espigat; C. Farnier; S. Fegan; F. Feinstein; A. Fiasson; A. Förster; G. Fontaine; M. Füßling; S. Gabici; Y. A. Gallant; L. Gérard; D. Gerbig; B. Giebels; J. F. Glicenstein; B. Glück; P. Goret; D. Goring; D. Hauser; M. Hauser; S. Heinz; G. Heinzelmann; G. Henri; G. Hermann; J. A. Hinten; A. Hoffmann; W. Hofmann; P. Hofverberg; S. Hoppe; D. Horns; A. Jacholkowska; O. C. De Jager; C. Jahn; I. Jung; K. Katarzynski; U. Katz; S. Kaufmann; M. Kerschhaggl; D. Khangulyan; B. Khélifi; D. Keogh; D. Klochkov; W. Kluzniak; T. Kneiske; Nu Komin; K. Kosack; R. Kossakowski; G. Lamanna; J. P. Lenain; T. Lohse; V. Marandon; O. Martineau-Huynh; A. Marcowith; J. Masbou; D. Maurin; T. J.L. McComb; M. C. Medina; J. Méhault; R. Moderski; E. Moulin; M. Naumann-Godo; M. De Naurois; D. Nedbal; D. Nekrassov; B. Nicholas; J. Niemiec; S. J. Nolan; S. Ohm; J. F. Olive; E. De Oña Wilhelmi; K. J. Orford; M. Ostrowski; M. Panter; M. Paz Arribas; G. Pedaletti; G. Pelletier; P. O. Petrucci; S. Pita; G. Pühlhofer; M. Punch; A. Ouirrenbach; B. C. Raubenheimer; M. Raue; S. M. Rayner; O. Reimer; M. Renaud; F. Rieger; J. Ripken; L. Rob; S. Rosier-Lees; G. Rowell; B. Rudak; C. B. Rulten; J. Ruppel; V. Sahakian; A. Santangelo; R. Schlickeiser; F. M. Schock; U. Schwanke; S. Schwarzburg; S. Schwemmer; A. Shalchi; M. Sikora; J. L. Skilton; H. Sol; L. Stawarz; R. Steenkamp; C. Stegmann; F. Stinzing; G. Superina; A. Szostek; P. H. Tam; J. P. Tavernet; R. Terrier; O. Tibolla; M. Tluczykont; C. Van Eldik; G. Vasileiadis; C. Venter; L. Venter; J. P. Vialle; P. Vincent; M. Vivier; H. J. Völk; F. Volpe; S. J. Wagner; M. Ward; A. A. Zdziarski; A. Zech

doi:10.1126/science.1178826

Detection of gamma rays from a starburst galaxy

F. Acero
, F. Aharonian
, A. G. Akhperjanian
, G. Anton
, U. De Barres Almeida
, A. R. Bazer-Bachi
, Y. Becherini
, B. Behera
, K. Bernlöhr
, A. Bochow
, C. Boisson
, J. Bolmont
, V. Borrel
, J. Brucker
, F. Brun
, P. Brun
, R. Bühler
, T. Bulik
, I. Büsching
, T. Boutelier

P. M. Chadwick, A. Charbonnier, R. C.G. Chaves, A. Cheesebrough, L. M. Chounet, A. C. Clapson, G. Coignet, M. Dalton, M. K. Daniel, I. D. Davids, B. Degrange, C. Deil, H. J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, W. Domainko, L. O'C Drury, F. Dubois, G. Dubus, J. Dyks, M. Dyrda, K. Egberts, D. Emmanoulopoulos, P. Espigat, C. Farnier, S. Fegan, F. Feinstein, A. Fiasson, A. Förster, G. Fontaine, M. Füßling, S. Gabici, Y. A. Gallant, L. Gérard, D. Gerbig, B. Giebels, J. F. Glicenstein, B. Glück, P. Goret, D. Goring, D. Hauser, M. Hauser, S. Heinz, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, J. A. Hinten, A. Hoffmann, W. Hofmann, P. Hofverberg, S. Hoppe, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, O. C. De Jager, C. Jahn, I. Jung, K. Katarzynski, U. Katz, S. Kaufmann, M. Kerschhaggl, D. Khangulyan, B. Khélifi, D. Keogh, D. Klochkov, W. Kluzniak, T. Kneiske, Nu Komin, K. Kosack, R. Kossakowski, G. Lamanna, J. P. Lenain, T. Lohse, V. Marandon, O. Martineau-Huynh, A. Marcowith, J. Masbou, D. Maurin, T. J.L. McComb, M. C. Medina, J. Méhault, R. Moderski, E. Moulin, M. Naumann-Godo, M. De Naurois, D. Nedbal, D. Nekrassov, B. Nicholas, J. Niemiec, S. J. Nolan, S. Ohm, J. F. Olive, E. De Oña Wilhelmi, K. J. Orford, M. Ostrowski, M. Panter, M. Paz Arribas, G. Pedaletti, G. Pelletier, P. O. Petrucci, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, A. Ouirrenbach, B. C. Raubenheimer, M. Raue, S. M. Rayner, O. Reimer, M. Renaud, F. Rieger, J. Ripken, L. Rob, S. Rosier-Lees, G. Rowell, B. Rudak, C. B. Rulten, J. Ruppel, V. Sahakian, A. Santangelo, R. Schlickeiser, F. M. Schock, U. Schwanke, S. Schwarzburg, S. Schwemmer, A. Shalchi, M. Sikora, J. L. Skilton, H. Sol, L. Stawarz, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, F. Stinzing, G. Superina, A. Szostek, P. H. Tam, J. P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, O. Tibolla, M. Tluczykont, C. Van Eldik, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, L. Venter, J. P. Vialle, P. Vincent, M. Vivier, H. J. Völk, F. Volpe, S. J. Wagner, M. Ward, A. A. Zdziarski, A. Zech

Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Astroparticule and Cosmol APC
Yerevan Physics Institute
Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
Durham University
CNRS
Landessternwarte Heidelberg
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
Universités Paris VI and VII
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS and CEA
University of Warsaw
North-West University
Division Technique
Université Savoie Mont Blanc
University of Namibia
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Institute for Nuclear Physics
Ruhr-University Bochum
Universität Hamburg
University of Leeds
University of Tübingen
Nicolaus Copernicus University
Charles University
University of Adelaide
Jagiellonian University
European Associated Laboratory for Gamma-Ray Astronomy
Medical University of Innsbruck
Stanford University

Résultats de recherche: Contribution à un journal › Article › Revue par des pairs

Résumé

Starburst galaxies exhibit in their central regions a highly increased rate of supernovae, the remnants of which are thought to accelerate energetic cosmic rays up to energies of -10¹⁵ electron volts. We report the detection of gamma rays-tracers of such cosmic rays-from the starburst galaxy NGC 253 using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The gamma-ray flux above 220 billion electron volts is F = (5.5 = 1.0_stat ± 2.8_sys) x 10 ^-13 cm^-2 s^-1, implying a cosmic-ray density about three orders of magnitude larger than that in the center of the Milky Way. The fraction of cosmic-ray energy channeled into gamma rays in this starburst environment is five times as large as that in our Galaxy.

langue originale	Anglais
Pages (de - à)	1080-1082
Nombre de pages	3
journal	Science
Volume	326
Numéro de publication	5956
Les DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178826
état	Publié - 20 nov. 2009

Accès au document

10.1126/science.1178826

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Lien vers la publication dans Scopus

Contient cette citation

Acero, F., Aharonian, F., Akhperjanian, A. G., Anton, G., De Barres Almeida, U., Bazer-Bachi, A. R., Becherini, Y., Behera, B., Bernlöhr, K., Bochow, A., Boisson, C., Bolmont, J., Borrel, V., Brucker, J., Brun, F., Brun, P., Bühler, R., Bulik, T., Büsching, I., ... Zech, A. (2009). Detection of gamma rays from a starburst galaxy. Science, 326(5956), 1080-1082. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178826

@article{757f03c2ff6c44b9bf9b87b80a7006d0,

title = "Detection of gamma rays from a starburst galaxy",

abstract = "Starburst galaxies exhibit in their central regions a highly increased rate of supernovae, the remnants of which are thought to accelerate energetic cosmic rays up to energies of -1015 electron volts. We report the detection of gamma rays-tracers of such cosmic rays-from the starburst galaxy NGC 253 using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The gamma-ray flux above 220 billion electron volts is F = (5.5 = 1.0stat ± 2.8sys) x 10 -13 cm-2 s-1, implying a cosmic-ray density about three orders of magnitude larger than that in the center of the Milky Way. The fraction of cosmic-ray energy channeled into gamma rays in this starburst environment is five times as large as that in our Galaxy.",

author = "F. Acero and F. Aharonian and Akhperjanian, \{A. G.\} and G. Anton and \{De Barres Almeida\}, U. and Bazer-Bachi, \{A. R.\} and Y. Becherini and B. Behera and K. Bernl{\"o}hr and A. Bochow and C. Boisson and J. Bolmont and V. Borrel and J. Brucker and F. Brun and P. Brun and R. B{\"u}hler and T. Bulik and I. B{\"u}sching and T. Boutelier and Chadwick, \{P. M.\} and A. Charbonnier and Chaves, \{R. C.G.\} and A. Cheesebrough and Chounet, \{L. M.\} and Clapson, \{A. C.\} and G. Coignet and M. Dalton and Daniel, \{M. K.\} and Davids, \{I. D.\} and B. Degrange and C. Deil and Dickinson, \{H. J.\} and A. Djannati-Ata{\"i} and W. Domainko and \{O'C Drury\}, L. and F. Dubois and G. Dubus and J. Dyks and M. Dyrda and K. Egberts and D. Emmanoulopoulos and P. Espigat and C. Farnier and S. Fegan and F. Feinstein and A. Fiasson and A. F{\"o}rster and G. Fontaine and M. F{\"u}{\ss}ling and S. Gabici and Gallant, \{Y. A.\} and L. G{\'e}rard and D. Gerbig and B. Giebels and Glicenstein, \{J. F.\} and B. Gl{\"u}ck and P. Goret and D. Goring and D. Hauser and M. Hauser and S. Heinz and G. Heinzelmann and G. Henri and G. Hermann and Hinten, \{J. A.\} and A. Hoffmann and W. Hofmann and P. Hofverberg and S. Hoppe and D. Horns and A. Jacholkowska and \{De Jager\}, \{O. C.\} and C. Jahn and I. Jung and K. Katarzynski and U. Katz and S. Kaufmann and M. Kerschhaggl and D. Khangulyan and B. Kh{\'e}lifi and D. Keogh and D. Klochkov and W. Kluzniak and T. Kneiske and Nu Komin and K. Kosack and R. Kossakowski and G. Lamanna and Lenain, \{J. P.\} and T. Lohse and V. Marandon and O. Martineau-Huynh and A. Marcowith and J. Masbou and D. Maurin and McComb, \{T. J.L.\} and Medina, \{M. C.\} and J. M{\'e}hault and R. Moderski and E. Moulin and M. Naumann-Godo and \{De Naurois\}, M. and D. Nedbal and D. Nekrassov and B. Nicholas and J. Niemiec and Nolan, \{S. J.\} and S. Ohm and Olive, \{J. F.\} and \{De O{\~n}a Wilhelmi\}, E. and Orford, \{K. J.\} and M. Ostrowski and M. Panter and \{Paz Arribas\}, M. and G. Pedaletti and G. Pelletier and Petrucci, \{P. O.\} and S. Pita and G. P{\"u}hlhofer and M. Punch and A. Ouirrenbach and Raubenheimer, \{B. C.\} and M. Raue and Rayner, \{S. M.\} and O. Reimer and M. Renaud and F. Rieger and J. Ripken and L. Rob and S. Rosier-Lees and G. Rowell and B. Rudak and Rulten, \{C. B.\} and J. Ruppel and V. Sahakian and A. Santangelo and R. Schlickeiser and Schock, \{F. M.\} and U. Schwanke and S. Schwarzburg and S. Schwemmer and A. Shalchi and M. Sikora and Skilton, \{J. L.\} and H. Sol and L. Stawarz and R. Steenkamp and C. Stegmann and F. Stinzing and G. Superina and A. Szostek and Tam, \{P. H.\} and Tavernet, \{J. P.\} and R. Terrier and O. Tibolla and M. Tluczykont and \{Van Eldik\}, C. and G. Vasileiadis and C. Venter and L. Venter and Vialle, \{J. P.\} and P. Vincent and M. Vivier and V{\"o}lk, \{H. J.\} and F. Volpe and Wagner, \{S. J.\} and M. Ward and Zdziarski, \{A. A.\} and A. Zech",

year = "2009",

month = nov,

day = "20",

doi = "10.1126/science.1178826",

language = "English",

volume = "326",

pages = "1080--1082",

journal = "Science",

issn = "0036-8075",

number = "5956",

}

Acero, F, Aharonian, F, Akhperjanian, AG, Anton, G, De Barres Almeida, U, Bazer-Bachi, AR, Becherini, Y, Behera, B, Bernlöhr, K, Bochow, A, Boisson, C, Bolmont, J, Borrel, V, Brucker, J, Brun, F, Brun, P, Bühler, R, Bulik, T, Büsching, I, Boutelier, T, Chadwick, PM, Charbonnier, A, Chaves, RCG, Cheesebrough, A, Chounet, LM, Clapson, AC, Coignet, G, Dalton, M, Daniel, MK, Davids, ID, Degrange, B, Deil, C, Dickinson, HJ, Djannati-Ataï, A, Domainko, W, O'C Drury, L, Dubois, F, Dubus, G, Dyks, J, Dyrda, M, Egberts, K, Emmanoulopoulos, D, Espigat, P, Farnier, C, Fegan, S, Feinstein, F, Fiasson, A, Förster, A, Fontaine, G, Füßling, M, Gabici, S, Gallant, YA, Gérard, L, Gerbig, D, Giebels, B, Glicenstein, JF, Glück, B, Goret, P, Goring, D, Hauser, D, Hauser, M, Heinz, S, Heinzelmann, G, Henri, G, Hermann, G, Hinten, JA, Hoffmann, A, Hofmann, W, Hofverberg, P, Hoppe, S, Horns, D, Jacholkowska, A, De Jager, OC, Jahn, C, Jung, I, Katarzynski, K, Katz, U, Kaufmann, S, Kerschhaggl, M, Khangulyan, D, Khélifi, B, Keogh, D, Klochkov, D, Kluzniak, W, Kneiske, T, Komin, N, Kosack, K, Kossakowski, R, Lamanna, G, Lenain, JP, Lohse, T, Marandon, V, Martineau-Huynh, O, Marcowith, A, Masbou, J, Maurin, D, McComb, TJL, Medina, MC, Méhault, J, Moderski, R, Moulin, E, Naumann-Godo, M, De Naurois, M, Nedbal, D, Nekrassov, D, Nicholas, B, Niemiec, J, Nolan, SJ, Ohm, S, Olive, JF, De Oña Wilhelmi, E, Orford, KJ, Ostrowski, M, Panter, M, Paz Arribas, M, Pedaletti, G, Pelletier, G, Petrucci, PO, Pita, S, Pühlhofer, G, Punch, M, Ouirrenbach, A, Raubenheimer, BC, Raue, M, Rayner, SM, Reimer, O, Renaud, M, Rieger, F, Ripken, J, Rob, L, Rosier-Lees, S, Rowell, G, Rudak, B, Rulten, CB, Ruppel, J, Sahakian, V, Santangelo, A, Schlickeiser, R, Schock, FM, Schwanke, U, Schwarzburg, S, Schwemmer, S, Shalchi, A, Sikora, M, Skilton, JL, Sol, H, Stawarz, L, Steenkamp, R, Stegmann, C, Stinzing, F, Superina, G, Szostek, A, Tam, PH, Tavernet, JP, Terrier, R, Tibolla, O, Tluczykont, M, Van Eldik, C, Vasileiadis, G, Venter, C, Venter, L, Vialle, JP, Vincent, P, Vivier, M, Völk, HJ, Volpe, F, Wagner, SJ, Ward, M, Zdziarski, AA & Zech, A 2009, 'Detection of gamma rays from a starburst galaxy', Science, VOL. 326, Numéro 5956, p. 1080-1082. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178826

TY - JOUR

T1 - Detection of gamma rays from a starburst galaxy

AU - Acero, F.

AU - Aharonian, F.

AU - Akhperjanian, A. G.

AU - Anton, G.

AU - De Barres Almeida, U.

AU - Bazer-Bachi, A. R.

AU - Becherini, Y.

AU - Behera, B.

AU - Bernlöhr, K.

AU - Bochow, A.

AU - Boisson, C.

AU - Bolmont, J.

AU - Borrel, V.

AU - Brucker, J.

AU - Brun, F.

AU - Brun, P.

AU - Bühler, R.

AU - Bulik, T.

AU - Büsching, I.

AU - Boutelier, T.

AU - Chadwick, P. M.

AU - Charbonnier, A.

AU - Chaves, R. C.G.

AU - Cheesebrough, A.

AU - Chounet, L. M.

AU - Clapson, A. C.

AU - Coignet, G.

AU - Dalton, M.

AU - Daniel, M. K.

AU - Davids, I. D.

AU - Degrange, B.

AU - Deil, C.

AU - Dickinson, H. J.

AU - Djannati-Ataï, A.

AU - Domainko, W.

AU - O'C Drury, L.

AU - Dubois, F.

AU - Dubus, G.

AU - Dyks, J.

AU - Dyrda, M.

AU - Egberts, K.

AU - Emmanoulopoulos, D.

AU - Espigat, P.

AU - Farnier, C.

AU - Fegan, S.

AU - Feinstein, F.

AU - Fiasson, A.

AU - Förster, A.

AU - Fontaine, G.

AU - Füßling, M.

AU - Gabici, S.

AU - Gallant, Y. A.

AU - Gérard, L.

AU - Gerbig, D.

AU - Giebels, B.

AU - Glicenstein, J. F.

AU - Glück, B.

AU - Goret, P.

AU - Goring, D.

AU - Hauser, D.

AU - Hauser, M.

AU - Heinz, S.

AU - Heinzelmann, G.

AU - Henri, G.

AU - Hermann, G.

AU - Hinten, J. A.

AU - Hoffmann, A.

AU - Hofmann, W.

AU - Hofverberg, P.

AU - Hoppe, S.

AU - Horns, D.

AU - Jacholkowska, A.

AU - De Jager, O. C.

AU - Jahn, C.

AU - Jung, I.

AU - Katarzynski, K.

AU - Katz, U.

AU - Kaufmann, S.

AU - Kerschhaggl, M.

AU - Khangulyan, D.

AU - Khélifi, B.

AU - Keogh, D.

AU - Klochkov, D.

AU - Kluzniak, W.

AU - Kneiske, T.

AU - Komin, Nu

AU - Kosack, K.

AU - Kossakowski, R.

AU - Lamanna, G.

AU - Lenain, J. P.

AU - Lohse, T.

AU - Marandon, V.

AU - Martineau-Huynh, O.

AU - Marcowith, A.

AU - Masbou, J.

AU - Maurin, D.

AU - McComb, T. J.L.

AU - Medina, M. C.

AU - Méhault, J.

AU - Moderski, R.

AU - Moulin, E.

AU - Naumann-Godo, M.

AU - De Naurois, M.

AU - Nedbal, D.

AU - Nekrassov, D.

AU - Nicholas, B.

AU - Niemiec, J.

AU - Nolan, S. J.

AU - Ohm, S.

AU - Olive, J. F.

AU - De Oña Wilhelmi, E.

AU - Orford, K. J.

AU - Ostrowski, M.

AU - Panter, M.

AU - Paz Arribas, M.

AU - Pedaletti, G.

AU - Pelletier, G.

AU - Petrucci, P. O.

AU - Pita, S.

AU - Pühlhofer, G.

AU - Punch, M.

AU - Ouirrenbach, A.

AU - Raubenheimer, B. C.

AU - Raue, M.

AU - Rayner, S. M.

AU - Reimer, O.

AU - Renaud, M.

AU - Rieger, F.

AU - Ripken, J.

AU - Rob, L.

AU - Rosier-Lees, S.

AU - Rowell, G.

AU - Rudak, B.

AU - Rulten, C. B.

AU - Ruppel, J.

AU - Sahakian, V.

AU - Santangelo, A.

AU - Schlickeiser, R.

AU - Schock, F. M.

AU - Schwanke, U.

AU - Schwarzburg, S.

AU - Schwemmer, S.

AU - Shalchi, A.

AU - Sikora, M.

AU - Skilton, J. L.

AU - Sol, H.

AU - Stawarz, L.

AU - Steenkamp, R.

AU - Stegmann, C.

AU - Stinzing, F.

AU - Superina, G.

AU - Szostek, A.

AU - Tam, P. H.

AU - Tavernet, J. P.

AU - Terrier, R.

AU - Tibolla, O.

AU - Tluczykont, M.

AU - Van Eldik, C.

AU - Vasileiadis, G.

AU - Venter, C.

AU - Venter, L.

AU - Vialle, J. P.

AU - Vincent, P.

AU - Vivier, M.

AU - Völk, H. J.

AU - Volpe, F.

AU - Wagner, S. J.

AU - Ward, M.

AU - Zdziarski, A. A.

AU - Zech, A.

PY - 2009/11/20

Y1 - 2009/11/20

N2 - Starburst galaxies exhibit in their central regions a highly increased rate of supernovae, the remnants of which are thought to accelerate energetic cosmic rays up to energies of -1015 electron volts. We report the detection of gamma rays-tracers of such cosmic rays-from the starburst galaxy NGC 253 using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The gamma-ray flux above 220 billion electron volts is F = (5.5 = 1.0stat ± 2.8sys) x 10 -13 cm-2 s-1, implying a cosmic-ray density about three orders of magnitude larger than that in the center of the Milky Way. The fraction of cosmic-ray energy channeled into gamma rays in this starburst environment is five times as large as that in our Galaxy.

AB - Starburst galaxies exhibit in their central regions a highly increased rate of supernovae, the remnants of which are thought to accelerate energetic cosmic rays up to energies of -1015 electron volts. We report the detection of gamma rays-tracers of such cosmic rays-from the starburst galaxy NGC 253 using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The gamma-ray flux above 220 billion electron volts is F = (5.5 = 1.0stat ± 2.8sys) x 10 -13 cm-2 s-1, implying a cosmic-ray density about three orders of magnitude larger than that in the center of the Milky Way. The fraction of cosmic-ray energy channeled into gamma rays in this starburst environment is five times as large as that in our Galaxy.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/70450182967

U2 - 10.1126/science.1178826

DO - 10.1126/science.1178826

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:70450182967

SN - 0036-8075

VL - 326

SP - 1080

EP - 1082

JO - Science

JF - Science

IS - 5956

ER -

Detection of gamma rays from a starburst galaxy

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