Enhancing Digital Product Passport Through Decentralized Digital Twins

The Digital Product Passport (DPP) is a key enabler of the European Union’s vision for a circular economy. Achieving the full potential of DPP requires addressing the challenges of traditional product lifecycle systems (PLM). Traditional PLM focuses on streamlining data management and decision making. However, their centralized architecture limits transparent, cross-organizational collaboration, impacting the circular economy efforts. This paper proposes a blockchain based framework, tailored to support DPP implementation by enabling the creation and sharing of lifecycle data using digital twin technology. The proposed architecture implements two types of digital twins - Component Digital Twin and Product Digital Twin - modeled using the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) standard to ensure interoperability. The architecture leverages Ethereum smart contracts for blockchain interaction and IPFS for off-chain decentralized storage. Two approaches for secure data sharing are implemented: Direct and Signature-based data sharing. Performance evaluation shows low latency for key operations like twin creation (167ms) and data sharing (64ms). By leveraging decentralization in DPPs, the proposed framework fosters collaboration, transparency, and circular economy practices, empowering stakeholders to access and share critical product data throughout the lifecycle.