France’s sans-papiers: ICT and sponsorship by activist movements

In France, when we speak of migrant integration-whether it be in political language or in the language of the human sciences-we are most often speaking about insertion or institutional hospitality. In this optic, integration refers to a set of economic, legal, and political procedures for managing immigrant populations in which the national govenment plays the principal role. This kind of integration is rooted in systems: social system, education system, or health care system, for example. However, this form of integration, which we can call top-down integration, is not all there is to integration.