GW250114: Testing Hawking’s Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

LIGO Scientific, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations

doi:10.1103/kw5g-d732

GW250114: Testing Hawking’s Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

LIGO Scientific, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations

Max-Planck-Institut fuer Gravitationsphysik
LIGO Hanford
University of Salerno
INFN Sezione di Napoli
University of Warwick
Monash University
Pennsylvania State University
Leibniz Universität Hannover
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
California Institute of Technology
Louisiana State University
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
Ctr. de Phys. Theor. Luminy
University of Louvain
Queen Mary University of London
University of California, Davis
University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires
University of Rome “Tor Vergata”
INFN Roma Tor Vergata
University of Antwerp
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
National Astronomical Observatory
Cardiff University
Friedrich-Schiller University
INFN Sezione di Torino
Sezione di Genova
University of Genoa
Université Savoie Mont Blanc
University of Naples Federico II
Australian National University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Maastricht University
Science Park 105
Sezione di Roma
University of Rome
Institut Fresnel
Université Paris-Saclay
University of Tokyo
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
Gran Sasso Science Institute
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
University of Florida
and Physics University of Udine
INFN Sezione di Trieste
Tecnologico de Monterrey
INFN Sezione di Perugia
University of Camerino
University of Washington
California State University Fullerton
University of Strathclyde
IGFL, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1
College of Computing
Royal Holloway University of London
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies
University of Urbino Carlo Bo
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO)
LIGO Livingston
Université de Strasbourg
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott
King's College London
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
Osaka University
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Universiteit Utrecht
The University of Western Australia
University of Portsmouth
Università di Trento
Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications
University of Perugia
University of Oregon
Syracuse University
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics India
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
University of Pisa
University of Barcelona
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)
University of Salerno
University of Glasgow
Wigner Research Centre for Physics
Concordia University Wisconsin
Stanford University
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
University of Padova
INFN
Institute for Plasma Research
Ghent University
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Northwestern University
Universität Hamburg
Universitat de les Illes Balears
Université de Toulouse
University of Siena
Villanova University
University of Birmingham
RRCAT
Kenyon College
Missouri University of Science and Technology
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Moscow State University
KU Leuven
Rochester Institute of Technology
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Bar-Ilan University
Université Côte d’Azur
University of British Columbia
The University of Adelaide
CNRS
Institut FOTON-UMR6082
Washington State University Pullman
Cornell University
Sorbonne Université
Christopher Newport University
University of Melbourne
University of Warsaw
University of Maryland, College Park
University of Milano-Bicocca
INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
University of Chicago
University of Arizona
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Niels Bohr Institutet
Universidad de Guadalajara
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere
University of Valencia
National Central University
National Tsing Hua University
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga
Vanderbilt University
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
The University of Texas at Austin
Northeastern University
University of Toyama
Carleton College, USA
University of Szeged
Swinburne University of Technology
Universitá di Cagliari
INAF
Montana State University
University of Utah
Johns Hopkins University
University of Rhode Island
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
University of Liège
University of Bologna
INFN Sezione di Bologna
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
INFN Sezione di Catania
Normandie Université
Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire Caen
The University of Sheffield
University of Manitoba
University of Florence
California State University-Los Angeles
Marquette University
University of Parma
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Université PSL
University of Trieste
National Centre for Nuclear Research
Vrjie Universiteit Brussel
University of Zurich
University of Toronto
Stony Brook University
Flatiron Institute
Montclair State University
Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Universidade de Minho
Aix-Marseille Université
CNR-SPIN
Università degli Studi della Basilicata
Western Washington University
University of the West of Scotland
Barry University
Eötvös Loránd University
Osaka City University
University of Sannio at Benevento
University of California, Berkeley
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Université Paris VI
University of Southampton
University of California, Riverside
University Roma Tre
University of Nevada Las Vegas
University of Nottingham
Ariel University
University of Mississippi
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Academia Sinica, Institute Of Physics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
American University
University of Milano
Sezione INFN di Milano
Fukuoka University
University of Cambridge
Lancaster University
Nihon University
Niigata University
Tamkang University
CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Aoyama Gakuin University
Columbia University
Helmut Schmidt University - University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg
Services and Estate Management
Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg
University of Białystok
National Astronomical Observatories-CAS
Sungkyunkwan University
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
Chung-Ang University
University of Washington Bothell
Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo
Ewha Womans University
National Institute for Mathematical Sciences
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Chungnam National University
KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)
Nagoya University
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Bard College
Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Technical University Braunschweig
Jagiellonian University
Université de Montréal/Polytechnique
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
Seoul National University
Inje University
Université Gustave Eiffel
National Cheng Kung University
St. Thomas University, Miami
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
Pompeu Fabra University (UPF)
University of Heidelberg
Tokyo City University
Tsinghua University
Ryukoku University
Phenikaa University
University of Stavanger
Hiroshima University
University of Amsterdam
University College London
Sorbonne Univ.
Biochemical and Environmental Engineering
INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute
Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi
Yonsei University
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Kennesaw State University
Université de Nantes
Universidad de Antioquia
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
National Institute of Technology
Trinity College Hartford
University of Ferrara
Toho University
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Tsinghua University
Université Paris Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME-UMR-CNRS-8208
Osaka Institute of Technology
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
University of Kochi
Center for Atomic-scale Materials Physics (CAMP)
Hakubi Center for Advanced Research
Kyoto University
Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics
Università degli Studi di Catania
National Institute of Technology
National Defense Academy of Japan
Technical University of Eindhoven
Beijing Normal University
Wuhan University

Résultats de recherche: Contribution à un journal › Article › Revue par des pairs

Résumé

The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses (Formula presented) and (Formula presented), and small spins (Formula presented) (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity (Formula presented). Postmerger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar (Formula presented) mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes’ frequencies to (Formula presented) of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant’s Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking’s area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to five of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility.

langue originale	Anglais
Numéro d'article	111403
journal	Physical Review Letters
Volume	135
Numéro de publication	11
Les DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/kw5g-d732
état	Publié - 12 sept. 2025
Modification externe	Oui

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10.1103/kw5g-d732

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@article{edc18f5e991c4e8e965735d5e58fb8ad,

title = "GW250114: Testing Hawking{\textquoteright}s Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes",

abstract = "The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses (Formula presented) and (Formula presented), and small spins (Formula presented) (90\% credibility) and negligible eccentricity (Formula presented). Postmerger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar (Formula presented) mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes{\textquoteright} frequencies to (Formula presented) of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant{\textquoteright}s Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking{\textquoteright}s area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to five of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility.",

author = "\{LIGO Scientific, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations\} and Abac, \{A. G.\} and I. Abouelfettouh and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and C. Adamcewicz and S. Adhicary and D. Adhikari and N. Adhikari and Adhikari, \{R. X.\} and Adkins, \{V. K.\} and S. Afroz and A. Agapito and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and N. Aggarwal and S. Aggarwal and Aguiar, \{O. D.\} and Ahrend, \{I. L.\} and L. Aiello and A. Ain and P. Ajith and T. Akutsu and S. Al-Kershi and S. Al-Shammari and S. Albanesi and W. Ali and C. All{\'e}n{\'e} and A. Allocca and Altin, \{P. A.\} and S. Alvarez-Lopez and W. Amar and O. Amarasinghe and A. Amato and F. Amicucci and C. Amra and A. Ananyeva and Anderson, \{S. B.\} and Anderson, \{W. G.\} and M. Andia and M. Ando and M. Andr{\'e}s-Carcasona and T. Andri{\'c} and J. Anglin and S. Ansoldi and Antelis, \{J. M.\} and S. Antier and M. Aoumi and Appavuravther, \{E. Z.\} and S. Appert and S. Chaty",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 authors. Published by the American Physical Society.",

year = "2025",

month = sep,

day = "12",

doi = "10.1103/kw5g-d732",

language = "English",

volume = "135",

journal = "Physical Review Letters",

issn = "0031-9007",

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T2 - Testing Hawking’s Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

AU - LIGO Scientific, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations

AU - Abac, A. G.

AU - Abouelfettouh, I.

AU - Acernese, F.

AU - Ackley, K.

AU - Adamcewicz, C.

AU - Adhicary, S.

AU - Adhikari, D.

AU - Adhikari, N.

AU - Adhikari, R. X.

AU - Adkins, V. K.

AU - Afroz, S.

AU - Agapito, A.

AU - Agarwal, D.

AU - Agathos, M.

AU - Aggarwal, N.

AU - Aggarwal, S.

AU - Aguiar, O. D.

AU - Ahrend, I. L.

AU - Aiello, L.

AU - Ain, A.

AU - Ajith, P.

AU - Akutsu, T.

AU - Al-Kershi, S.

AU - Al-Shammari, S.

AU - Albanesi, S.

AU - Ali, W.

AU - Alléné, C.

AU - Allocca, A.

AU - Altin, P. A.

AU - Alvarez-Lopez, S.

AU - Amar, W.

AU - Amarasinghe, O.

AU - Amato, A.

AU - Amicucci, F.

AU - Amra, C.

AU - Ananyeva, A.

AU - Anderson, S. B.

AU - Anderson, W. G.

AU - Andia, M.

AU - Ando, M.

AU - Andrés-Carcasona, M.

AU - Andrić, T.

AU - Anglin, J.

AU - Ansoldi, S.

AU - Antelis, J. M.

AU - Antier, S.

AU - Aoumi, M.

AU - Appavuravther, E. Z.

AU - Appert, S.

AU - Chaty, S.

PY - 2025/9/12

Y1 - 2025/9/12

N2 - The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses (Formula presented) and (Formula presented), and small spins (Formula presented) (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity (Formula presented). Postmerger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar (Formula presented) mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes’ frequencies to (Formula presented) of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant’s Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking’s area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to five of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility.

AB - The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses (Formula presented) and (Formula presented), and small spins (Formula presented) (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity (Formula presented). Postmerger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar (Formula presented) mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes’ frequencies to (Formula presented) of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant’s Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking’s area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to five of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017415722

U2 - 10.1103/kw5g-d732

DO - 10.1103/kw5g-d732

M3 - Article

C2 - 41004747

AN - SCOPUS:105017415722

SN - 0031-9007

VL - 135

JO - Physical Review Letters

JF - Physical Review Letters

IS - 11

M1 - 111403

ER -

GW250114: Testing Hawking’s Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

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