Kelvin–Helmholtz Billows in the Rising Turbulent Layer During Morning Evolution of the ABL at Dome C, Antarctica

Kelvin–Helmholtz billows (KHBs) within a rising turbulent layer during the transition period from stable to unstable stratification occurring in the morning hours in summertime at the interior of Antarctica (Dome C, Concordia station) are examined in this study. The wave pattern captured by high-resolution sodar echograms from November 2014–February 2015 exhibits regular braid-like structures, associated with Kelvin–Helmholtz shear instabilities. This phenomenon is observed in more than 70% of days in the selected period. Two main regimes of the morning evolution with KHBs are identified roughly, distinguished by the presence or absence of turbulence in the preceding night-time. The weather and turbulent conditions favouring the occurrence of these regimes are analyzed. Also, two distinct patterns of KHBs are identified: (i) quasi-periodical (with periods ≈ 8–15 min) trains containing 5–10 braids, (ii) about continuous series lasting 20–90 min containing 20–80 braids. A composite shape of KHBs is determined. The periodicity of these waves is estimated to be between 20 and 70 s, and their wavelength is estimated roughly to be 100–400 m. The vertical thickness of individual braids at the wave crests ranges between 5 and 25 m. The total depth of a rising turbulent layer containing these waves varies between 15 and 120 m, and the ratio of the wavelength to the depth of the wave layer varies from 3 to 12 with a mean value ≈ 8.2. The morphology of the turbulence structure in the ABL is studied as a function of both temperature and wind field characteristics retrieved from an instrumented 45-m tower and an ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer at 3.5 m. The observational results highlight the necessity of considering the interaction between convective and wave processes when occurring simultaneously.