Nonlinear dynamics of quantum cascade lasers with optical feedback

Quantum Cascade (QC) lasers are widely used in optical communications, high-resolution spectroscopy, imaging, and remote sensing due to their wide spectral range, going from mid-infrared to the terahertz regime. The dynamics of QClasers are dominated by their ultrafast carrier lifetime, typically of the order of a few picoseconds. The combination of optical nonlinearities and ultrafast dynamics is an interesting feature of QC-lasers, and investigating the dynamical properties of such lasers gives unprecedented insights into the underlying physics of the components, which is of interest for the next generation of QC devices. A particular feature of QC-lasers is the absence of relaxation oscillations, which is the consequence of the relatively short carrier lifetime compared to photon lifetime. Optical feedback (i.e. self-injection) is known to be a robust technique for stabilizing or synchronizing a free-running laser, however its effect on QC-lasers remains mostly unexplored. This work aims at discussing the dynamical properties of QC-lasers operating under optical feedback by employing a novel set of rate equations taking into account the upper and lower lasing levels, the bottom state as well as the gain stage's cascading. This work analyzes the static laser properties subject to optical feedback and provides a comparison with experiments. Spectral analysis reveals that QC-lasers undergo distinct feedback regimes depending on the phase and amplitude of the reinjected field, and that the coherence-collapse regime only appears in a very narrow range of operation, making such lasers much more stable than their interband counterparts.