Recent advances in phosphorene: A promising material for supercapacitor applications

Phosphorene, a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of black phosphorus crystals, has emerged as a promising material for supercapacitor applications, owing to its high carrier mobility and outstanding electrochemical properties. This review presents a comprehensive examination of phosphorene, detailing its evolution, current applications, and the future potential of supercapacitor technology. The review begins with a discussion on phosphorene's synthesis history, its benefits, and methodological limitations, and then analyzes its structural, electronic, mechanical, and stability characteristics and compares them with those of other 2D materials. The primary focus of this review is on the factors influencing the performance of phosphorene-based supercapacitors, including their nanostructure, morphology, doping, functionalization, and responses to environmental and operational conditions. This review addresses the challenges in the practical application of phosphorene, emphasizing the necessity for advanced encapsulation, enhanced interfacial properties, and development of cost-effective, high-yield synthesis techniques. This review aims to further research and develop phosphorene-based energy storage solutions. Furthermore, the insights provided in this study are intended to guide the scientific community toward achieving smarter, eco-friendly, and high-performance supercapacitors for diverse applications ranging from portable electronics to grid-scale energy storage systems.