The reaction mechanism with free energy barriers at constant potentials for the oxygen evolution reaction at the IrO₂ (110) surface

How to efficiently oxidize H₂O to O₂ (oxygen evolution reaction, OER) in photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) is a great challenge due to its complex charge transfer process, high overpotential, and corrosion. So far no OER mechanism has been fullly explained atomistically with both thermodynamic and kinetics. IrO₂ is the only known OER catalyst with both high catalytic activity and stability in acidic conditions. This is important because PEC experiments often operate at extreme pH conditions. In this work, we performed first-principles calculations integrated with implicit solvation at constant potentials to examine the bailed atomistic reaction mechanism of OER at the IrO₂ (110) surface. We determined the surface phase diagram, explored the possible reaction pathways including kinetic barriers, and computed reaction rates based on the microkinetic models. This allowed us to resolve several long-standing puzzles about the atomistic OER mechanism.